
%rightN°. 

CQESBIGHT DEPOSm 



PRACTICAL 

Materia Medica for Nurses 

WITH AN 

APPENDIX 



CONTAINING POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES, WITH POISON- 
EMERGENCIES ; MINERAL WATERS; WEIGHTS AND 
MEASURES; DOSE-LIST; AND A GLOSSARY 
OF THE TERMS USED IN MATERIA 
MEDICA AND THERA- 
PEUTICS 



BY 

Emily A. M. Stoney 

Graduate of the Training-School for Nurses, Lawrence, Mass. ; late Head 

Nurse, Mercy Hospital, Chicago, Illinois; late Superintendent of 

Training-School for Nurses, Carney Hospital, South 

Boston, Mass. ; Author of " Practical 

Points in Nursing " 



SeconD jBDttlon, GborougblE TRevleeD 

PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, LONDON 

W. B. SAUNDERS & COMPANY 
1904 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 
JUN 17 1904 

Ooovilg'ht Entry 

/\A>UA, b - 1 q d if 
CLASS »- XXc. No. 

% r i> i l 

COPY B 




ItMtff 



Setup, electrotyped, printed, and copyrighted April, 1899. Reprinted August, 

1901, and September, 1902. Revised, entirely reset, electrotyped, 

printed, and recopyrighted June, 1904. 



Copyright, 1904, by W. B. Saunders & Company. 



Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England. 



ELECTROTYPED BY 
WE8TOOTT & THOMSON, PHILADA, 



PRESS OF 
W. B. SAUNDERS, PHILADA. 



TO 

Arthur Stuart Allen, M. D 

THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. 



The second edition of this volume has been largely 
rewritten. While the arrangement of the subject-mat- 
ter has not been changed, numerous alterations and 
additions have been made in order to bring the book 
thoroughly abreast with the times, and to make it a 
more complete guide to those engaged in nursing. 



PREFACE, 



In preparing the following pages for publication, it 
has been my endeavor to make them as practical as 
possible, including only the source of the drugs, their 
action and uses, dosage, and the symptoms and treat- 
ment of poisoning. 

They constitute the notes of a series of lectures de- 
livered as a companion, so to speak, to " Practical Points 
in Nursing," and have been arranged in alphabetical 
order for a more ready reference. 

The first part of the book is devoted to the general 
considerations and classification of drugs. 

The second part, to the subject-matter proper of the 
lectures. 

The third part, or appendix, contains Poison-emergen- 
cies, Poisons and their Antidotes, Emetics, Mineral 
Waters, Weights and Measures, Dose-list, Glossary, etc. 

The doses of all drugs have been given in both the 
Apothecaries' and Metric Weights. 

In compiling the notes, free use has been made of the 
works of Hare, Potter, Brunton, Bruce, Thornton, the 
lectures on " Poisons " by Dr. William H. Devine, the 
lectures on " Materia Medica and Therapeutics " by 

7 



8 PREFACE. 

Professor Arthur R. Edwards, of the Northwestern 
University Medical College, and my own notes of three 
courses of clinical lectures. 

My thanks are due to Dr. Arthur Stuart Allen for his 
great assistance in revising the notes, and to Professor 
Frank Marion Kindig, of the Northwestern University 
Medical College, for assistance with the proofs and for 
his suggestions and criticisms, which have been invaluable. 

EMILY A. M. STONEY. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

PART I. — General Considerations, and the Classification 
of Drugs. 

Introductory n 

Classification of Drugs 21 

PART II.— Materia Medica 36 

PART III. 

Poison Emergencies 235 

Mineral Waters 243 

Weights and Measures 245 

Confinement Table 249 

Dose-List 250 

Abbreviations 269 

Glossary 271 

Index 283 

9 



PART I 



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS AND THE CLASSI- 
FICATION OF DRUGS. 



INTRODUCTORY. 

Materia medica is that branch of medical science 
which treats of the remedies employed in medicine, their 
origin, names, modes of preparation, administration, doses 
in which they may be given, and their physiologic and 
toxicologic actions* 

Remedies are divided into two classes — local and gen- 
eral. A local remedy acts on a particular organ or part ; 
a general remedy acts on the whole system. 

I/Ocal remedies are divided into four classes : 

1. Those which affect the function of a part, such as 
anesthetics, cathartics, cholagogues, diuretics, emmena- 
gogues, diaphoretics, expectorants, oxytocics, and siala- 
gogues. 

2. Those which affect the organization of a part : caus- 
tics or escharotics, epispastics or vesicants, and rubefaci- 
ents. 

3. Those which have a mechanical action : emollients, 
demulcents, and protectives. 

4. Those which act on extraneous matter within the 
organs : absorbents, antacids, anthelmintics, disinfectants, 
and solvents. 



12 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

The six principal avenues of medication are : 

1. The mouth (stomach). 

2. The rectum. 

3. The cellular tissue (subcutaneous injection). 

4. The skin (inunction). 

5. The lungs (inhalation). 

6. The denuded skin (blisters). 

The Mouth. — This is the first and best means of 
medication. Medicines are given by mouth for their 
local action on the alimentary canal and to be absorbed 
from it. When local action upon the stomach is desired, 
the medicine should be given when the viscus is empty 
in order that it may come in contact with all parts of the 
gastric mucous membrane. If slow absorption is desired 
or it is necessary to avoid irritating the stomach, the 
medicine is given after meals, during the process of gas- 
tric digestion. When it is desired that absorption shall 
take place from the intestines, the medicine should be 
given from two to three hours after a meal, when the 
gastric digestion is almost completed and the partly 
digested food is being swept into the intestinal canal. 
The absorption of drugs from the stomach and intes- 
tines, it must be remembered, may be considerably re- 
tarded and their action diminished by the liver, because, 
before reaching the general circulation, medicines ab- 
sorbed from the intestinal canal usually pass through 
the liver, and in their passage they may be partially 
destroyed or temporarily arrested and excreted again 
into the intestine along with the bile. 

When given for its local action on the mouth or 
pharynx, medicine should be given one or two hours 
before or after meals ; its effect will then be more pro- 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. I 3 

longed than when taken immediately before meals, since 
there will be no danger of the drug being wiped off in 
the process of mastication and swallowing. 

The Rectum. — When there is serious derangement 
of the stomach, or when, for any reason, the patient is 
unable to swallow, we find the rectum a most convenient 
avenue for absorption. When giving medicine by rec- 
tum, we must remember two things : 

1. That the process of absorption is slow, but that 
much may be gained by giving the enema as high as 
possible, since the colon is less irritable than the rectum 
and is better fitted for absorption. 

2. That the surface of the lower bowel is usually 
more or less covered with material which interferes with 
absorption, and hence it should always be first cleansed 
with plain water before injecting the medicine. Medicines 
are given by the rectum in the form of enemata, sup- 
positories, and rectal capsules. The dose of the drug is 
usually twice the amount given by mouth, unless the 
medicine is very powerful or is capable of rapid absorp- 
tion. 

Hypodermic Administration (Subcutaneous Injec- 
tion). — Hypodermic or subcutaneous injection means the 
injecting of a drug under the skin. This method is 
resorted to when we wish to secure certain and prompt 
action, as in stimulating the heart, relieving pain, and 
in causing emesis. The dose of a drug given hypo- 
dermically is usually one-half the quantity given by the 
mouth, because it enters directly into the circulation and 
the entire dose is acting at one time, and is not modified 
by altered conditions of the digestive tract. 

For the subcutaneous administration of drugs we use 
a hypodermic syringe. The most convenient places for 



14 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

the injection are the outside of the arms, the forearms, 
the chest, the abdomen, and the thighs, the injection 
being made into the fleshy part, avoiding the large blood- 
vessels, nerves, and bone. The syringe should be cleansed 
by drawing through it a I : 20 solution of carbolic acid 
several times, followed by very hot water. The needle 
should be boiled in a large spoonful of water over a 
gas-flame. The syringe is loaded with the ordered solu- 
tion, the needle is screwed on tightly, making sure that it 
does not leak at the junction, and the air is expelled by 
gently pressing the piston until a drop of the fluid escapes 
from the needle. 

After bathing the part with a weak solution of car- 
bolic acid (1 : 60 or 1 :4c)) or alcohol, to insure absolute 
cleanliness, the skin is pinched up between the thumb 
and forefinger of the left hand, and the needle is quickly 
and slantingly inserted to the depth of about half an 
inch, so as to reach the underlying muscle or fat, then 
withdrawn slightly, and the fluid slowly injected, so as 
not to cause discomfort. A gentle friction over the part 
will distribute the fluid and aid its absorption. The 
needle is quickly removed and the friction is kept up 
for a few moments. Perfect cleanliness is essential in 
the operation, otherwise an abscess may result or some 
contagious disease may be transmitted. 

After the operation the syringe should be thoroughly 
washed by drawing through it the carbolic-acid solution 
and hot water. The thin wire should be kept constantly 
in the needle to prevent the entrance of dirt. If the 
syringe is in constant use, it may be kept in a solution 
of carbolic acid I : 20. If not often used, the syringe 
should be soaked every few days in hot water to prevent 
the packing from shrinking. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. I 5 

The medicines most commonly used hypodermically 
are: 

Adrenalin, alcohol, ammonia-water, antitoxins, apo- 
morphin, atropin, caffein, camphor, cocain, corrosive sub- 
limate, digitalin (soluble), ergotin, eserin or physostigmin, 
ether, hyoscin, morphin, nitroglycerin, pilocarpin, quinin, 
strychnin. 

Hypodermic syringes hold from 1 5 to 30 minims. 

Intravenous injection, which is the injection of 
fluids directly into a vein, is practised only in cases of 
emergency. After copious hemorrhage, saline solutions 
are sometimes administered by this method. 

Inunction is the rubbing of an oil or an ointment 
into the skin, either to secure its absorption or to prevent 
contagion through fine scales thrown off from the skin 
in such diseases as scarlet fever and measles. When the 
inunction is employed to prevent contagion, the body 
should be smeared from head to foot with warm sweet 
oil, cacao-butter, or vaselin, and the friction should be 
long and thorough. About four ounces of oil are re- 
quired at each rubbing. In order to promote absorption 
from the skin the surface should first be bathed with 
warm water. 

Mercurial Inunction. — The method of applying mer- 
cury to the skin is resorted to when the stomach is intol- 
erant of drugs, or when, administered by mouth in full 
doses, they do not favorably modify the symptoms. 

The mercury passes through the skin without produc- 
ing any irritation, and is absorbed into the circulation, 
where the general effects of the drug are produced. 
The ointment should be rubbed on those parts where 
the skin is thin and the function of absorption is greatest, 
such as the inner sides of the thighs and the armpits. 



1 6 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

The order of application differs somewhat. One method 
is as follows : On the first evening the patient takes a hot 
bath and puts on fresh underclothing. The second even- 
ing a piece of ointment about the size of a small nut is 
thoroughly rubbed into the skin of the inner side of the 
right thigh. On the third evening the left thigh is taken, 
and then, on successive evenings, the left armpit and the 
right armpit. 

Dr. William H. Devine gives the following order : 

First evening, the buttocks. 

Second evening, the thighs. 

Third evening, the side of the chest, but not the arm- 
pit. 

Fourth evening, the internal surface of the arms and 
forearm. 

Fifth evening, the back and abdomen. 

Sixth evening, omit treatment. 

Seventh evening, bathe, change underclothing, and re- 
sume treatment. 

The ointment remaining after the rubbing, which 
should be continued for fifteen minutes, should be left 
on the skin, and the patient should wear the same under- 
clothing night and day. By taking one part each even- 
ing irritation from the excessive friction is avoided. When 
applied to children, it is a good plan to put the ointment 
on a piece of flannel and to fasten the flannel to the 
part with a bandage. There is then no danger of the 
child spreading the ointment over other parts of the 
body. Fresh ointment should be put on the flannel 
every day, even if the latter appears soiled. The nurse 
should wash her hands thoroughly after each application, 
since absorption may take place through the skin of the 
hands. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. \J 

Inhalation. — Inhalation is the method of adminis- 
tering a drug in the form of a vapor or gas through the 
respiratory tract. This method is especially employed 
for the administration of very volatile drugs, which are 
absorbed rapidly through the lungs, such as ether, chloro- 
form, amyl nitrite, and ammonia. By this means also an 
agent can be brought into direct contact with the mucous 
membrane of the mouth, nose, throat, larynx, and bron- 
chial tubes. Inhalations may be dry or moist. 

Dry inhalations may be taken from a heated shovel 
or plate. The drug is placed on the shovel, and a paper 
cone is made, the broad end of which is placed over the 
drug, while the vapor is inhaled from the narrow end. 

Moist Inhalations. — Moist inhalations are employed 
to soothe the throat and trachea when these parts are 
inflamed, dry, and irritated. In the absence of a steam- 
inhaler the vaporized substances may be inhaled from a 
tea- or a coffee-pot standing over a lamp placed by the 
bedside, or the solution may be put into a pitcher or a tin 
pan, covered with a perforated paper, through which the 
patient may inhale the vapor. The patient should breathe 
quite naturally, taking in the vapor through the mouth, 
then closing the mouth, and allowing it to escape through 
the nose, breathing five or six times in succession before 
intermitting the inhalations. 

If the patient is not in bed, he should inhale the vapor 
in the evening before retiring, or if done in the daytime, 
he should remain indoors subsequently for about half an 
hour to prevent taking cold. The inhalation of moist 
air, which is sometimes ordered in croup, diphtheria, and 
after tracheotomy, may be secured by keeping kettles of 
boiling water in the room or by placing small pieces of 
unslaked lime in pans of water. 



1 8 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Bndermic Medication. — This consists in the pro- 
duction of a blister, the removal of the epidermis, and 
the application of the drug in the form of a powder, 
ointment, or solution to the denuded surface. 

This method is now rarely used, except in cases 
in which it is desirable to combine the counterirritant 
action of the blister with the local sedative effect of 
morphin. 

Absorption of Medicines. — The rapidity of absorp- 
tion depends upon four things : 

1. The State of the Circulation. — If the circulation is 
active, absorption is active ; if depressed, as in shock, for 
instance, absorption is slow. 

2. The Physical State of the Medicine. — A drug given 
in a soluble form is usually absorbed more quickly than 
when given in an insoluble form. Drugs given in solu- 
tion are more quickly absorbed and have greater effect 
than when given in pill or powder form. Alcoholic solu- 
tions are generally more quickly absorbed than watery 
solutions. 

3. The Part to Which the Drug is Applied. — Absorp- 
tion is quickest from serous membranes, next from inter- 
cellular tissue, and slowest from mucous membranes. 
The vascularity and rate of absorption from intercellular 
tissue are greater on the inner sides of the arms and 
legs than on their outer surfaces. Medicine given upon 
an empty stomach is more rapidly absorbed because it 
comes in contact with all parts of the mucous mem- 
brane and is not impeded by the presence of food. For 
instance, wine taken with dinner may have little effect, 
whereas the same amount taken on an empty stomach 
may produce intoxication. Absorption is more certain 
and rapid when the drug is given hypodermically than 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 1 9 

when given by the mouth or rectum, because it enters 
directly into the circulation and is not subjected to modi- 
fication by altered conditions in the stomach and intes- 
tine. In the alimentary canal there is not only the con- 
dition of the circulation to be considered, but also the 
fulness or emptiness of the stomach and intestine, the 
condition of their epithelial covering and of their nervous 
supply. Certain conditions in these organs may not only 
delay, but entirely prevent, absorption. The more rapid 
the absorption or the slower the excretion of any drug, 
the greater will be its effect. Absorption from the lungs 
is rapid on account of their large blood-supply. 

4. The Power the Drug has of Passing Rapidly Through 
a Living Membra?ie. — In order to be absorbed from the 
stomach or intestines, or in any way to enter the circu- 
lation except by direct injection, the drug must pass 
through walls of capillaries or lymphatics, and hence 
must be in solution or in a finely divided state, as in 
emulsion. But, in addition to this, the osmotic action 
of the animal membranes is evinced more markedly in 
the absorption of some drugs than in others, owing, 
probably, to inherent properties of their own, irrespective 
of solubility. 

Cumulative Action. — Some drugs are excreted from 
the body so slowly that the whole of one dose is not 
excreted before the next one is given ; consequently the 
amount present in the body gradually increases, and 
after a while severe symptoms may appear, due to the 
accumulation of the poison in the body. This is called 
"cumulative action." 

The duration of the action of drugs depends 
chiefly upon the rapidity or slowness of their elimination 
from the body. 



20 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Idiosyncrasy. — Idiosyncrasy is a peculiarity of con- 
stitution whereby certain individuals are affected by a 
drug or agent in a manner entirely different from the 
ordinary. Thus, in some the smallest dose of quinin 
produces ringing in the ears and deafness ; in others 
shell-fish produces hives, etc. 

Dosage. — Age, Weight, and Sex. — The dose of a 
drug is regulated by the age, weight, and sex of the 
patient. The dose for a child is one-seventh of that for 
an adult ; the dose for a woman is usually smaller than 
that for a man. Heavy, muscular persons require larger 
doses, as a rule, than those who are delicate. 

Method of Administration. — The dose given hypo- 
dermically is usually one-half to one-quarter of that given 
by the mouth, and the dose given by rectum is usually 
twice the amount given by mouth. 

Disease. — In illness the dose is increased or decreased 
according to the severity of the disease or the urgency 
of the case. Thus, very large doses of morphin are 
tolerated in severe pain, because the action of the drug 
is spent in overcoming the pain. In cases of grave shock 
larger doses of stimulants are given than would be re- 
quired in conditions of slight depression of the circula- 
tion. Pregnancy, menstruation, and lactation modify the 
doses of some drugs. 

Combinations. — If a drug be given to antagonize the 
toxic effects of another drug, its dose may be larger than 
its ordinary therapeutic dose. The ordinary dose of the 
sulphate of atropin is jfa of a grain, while in opium- 
poisoning as much as from -fa to fa of a grain may 
be given. Calomel can be given more freely if a saline 
cathartic be given with it to prevent its cumulative effects. 

In the purgative pill consisting of aloes, belladonna, 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 21 

and strychnin aloes is a mild purgative, acting chiefly 
on the lower portion of the intestines ; belladonna in- 
creases peristalsis and checks the griping excited by the 
aloes, while strychnin acts as a general tonic to the 
stomach and intestines, exerting its chief influence on 
the nervous system. 

Another instance is the combination of morphin and 
chloral given in insomnia. Chloral depresses the heart, 
and cannot be given in full doses when the heart is weak ; 
morphin not only produces sleep, but stimulates the heart 
and depresses the respiration : hence small doses of each 
are given together to produce sleep, so that neither the 
heart nor the respiration suffers. 

Temperature. — Some drugs are more rapidly elimi- 
nated in hot weather than in cold, because the skin is 
more active. In hot climates larger doses are given than 
in cold climates, because the heat assists elimination. 

Toleration and Habit. — When a patient has been 
taking a drug for some time, the system becomes accus- 
tomed to it and can tolerate a large dose without injury. 
This toleration may continue until the habit of taking the 
drug is formed. 

CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 

Alteratives. — Medicines which, without exerting any 
perceptible action on any particular organ, modify the 
processes of nutrition and thus restore the normal func- 
tions of the body : 

Mercury. Iodids. Iodin. 

Arsenic. Iodoform. Ichthyol. 

Guaiac. Gold. Sarsaparilla. 

Cod-liver oil. Iodol. Thyroid extract. 

Colchicum. 



22 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



Analgesics.— (See Anodynes) 

Anesthetics. — Agents which destroy sensation. 
There are two varieties — local and general. General 
anesthetics act on the central nervous system and de- 
stroy sensation throughout the whole body. Local anes- 
thetics destroy the sensibility of a part by direct action 
on the peripheral nerves : 



General Anesthetics. 

Ether. 
Chloroform. 
Nitrous oxid. 
Ethyl bromid. 
Ethyl chlorid. 



Local Anesthetics. 

Cocain. 

Eucain. 

Ether. 

Ethyl chlorid. 

Ice. 

Carbolic acid. 

Menthol. 

Chloral-camphor. 

Orthoform. 

Aconite. 
Antacids. — Agents which neutralize acids. They 
are divided into direct and remote. 

Direct antacids lessen acidity in the stomach. Remote 
antacids have little power over the acidity in the stomach 
but, by being oxidized in the blood, they are excreted as 
carbonates in the urine and so lessen its acidity : 



Direct. 

Lime-water. 

Chalk. 

Liquor potassae. 

Liquor sodae. 

Aromatic spirits of ammonia. 

Sodium bicarbonate. 

Magnesia. 

Magnesium carbonate. 

Bismuth subnitrate. 



Remote. 

Lithium carbonate. 
Lithium citrate. 
Potassium bicarbonate. 
Potassium citrate. 
Potassium acetate. 
Potassium bitartrate. 
Potassium tartrate. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 2$ 

Anodynes — Analgesics. — Agents which relieve 
pain. They are divided into general and local. Gen- 
eral anodynes when taken internally affect the whole 
system. Local anodynes affect the part to which they 
are applied, some by lessening the excitability of the 
sensory nerves and some by reducing the local circu- 
lation : 

Local. General. 

Moist and dry heat. Opium. 

Extreme cold. Morphin. 

Ice. Antipyrin. 

Aconite. Phenacetin. 

Opium. Acetanilid. 

Morphin. Bromids. 

Belladonna. Cannabis indica. 

Cocain. 

Ether-chloroform. 

Iodoform. 

Chloroform. 

Chloral-camphor. 

Anthelmintics. — Remedies used to kill or expel in- 
testinal worms, the chief of which are round-worms, tape- 
worms, and thread-worms. 

For round worms — santonin, spigelia, or chenopo- 
dium. 

For tape-worms — cusso, filix-mas, turpentine, thymol, 
pelletierin, kamala, or pumpkin-seed. 

For thread-worms — enemata containing lime-water, 
quassia, sodium chlorid, or vinegar. 

Antiperiodics. — Agents which are employed for the 
purpose of preventing or curing malaria, the attacks of 
which are apt to occur periodically. They are also 
termed antimalarials. 



24 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Quinin and other cinchona Methylene-blue. 
alkaloids. Warburg's tincture. 

Arsenic. 

Antipyretics or Febrifuges. — Agents which re- 
duce the temperature of the body : 

Antipyrin. Aconite. Cold bath. 

Acetanilid. Nitrous ether. Cold pack. 

Phenacetin. Guaiacol. Cold enema. 

Quinin. Cold douche. 

The application of cold by bathing, douching, or spong- 
ing is the best way of lowering temperature, because of its 
stimulating effect upon the circulation and nervous system. 

Antiseptics. — Agents which hinder or prevent the 
development of germs without necessarily destroying 
them. They are used internally and externally. 



Corrosive sublimate. 


Naphthol. 


Carbolic acid. 


Naphthalin. 


Formalin. 


Creolin. 


Hydrogen peroxid. 


Lysol. 


Boric acid. 


Iodoform. 


Salicylic acid. 


Iodol. 


Sulphurous acid. 


Aristol. 


Potassium permanganate. 


Thymol. 


Silver compounds. 



Many volatile oils (eucalyptus, thyme, mint, etc.). 
Antihydrotics or Anhydrotics. — Agents which 
lessen the secretion of sweat : 

Atropin. Belladonna. Sulphuric acid. 

Cold. Picrotoxin. Camphoric acid. 

Antisialics. — Agents which decrease the flow of 
saliva. The chief antisialic is atropin. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 



25 



Antispasmodics. — Agents which prevent or allay 
spasm of the voluntary or involuntary muscles : 



Ether. 


Hoffmann's anodyne. 


Bromids. 


Chloral. 


Valerian. 


Asafetida. 


Musk. 


Chloroform. 


Amyl nitrite. 


Camphor. 


Alcohol. 


Opium. 


Hops. 


Belladonna. 


Lobelia. 



Antipyrin. Monobromate of camphor. Bromoform. 

Antisymoties. — Agents which arrest fermentative 
processes. (See Antiseptics and Disinfectants}) 

Antiphlogistics. — Medicines and means which re- 
duce inflammation : 

Counterirritation. Cold. Purgation. 

Rest (recumbent position). Bleeding. Mercury. 
Opium. Aconite. Antimony. 

Astringents. — Agents which cause contraction of tis- 
sues and lessen secretion from mucous membranes. They 
are divided into two classes — remote and local. Remote 
astringents act on the internal organs through the circu- 
lation ; local astringents, on the part to which applied : 



Remote. 

Zinc sulphate. 
Salts of iron. 
Salts of bismuth. 



Local. 

Tannic acid. 
Gallic acid. 
Alum. 
Lead acetate. 
Copper sulphate. 

Cardiac Sedatives. — Medicines which lessen the 
frequency and force of the heart's action : 

Aconite. Veratrum viride. Tartar emetic. 
Hydrocyanic acid. 



26 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A POR NURSES. 

Cardiac Stimulants. — Medicines which increase the 
force of the heart's action. They may either increase or 
decrease the frequency of the pulse : 



Ether. 


Alcohol. 


Nitroglycerin. 


Caffein. 


Digitalis. 


Strophanthus. 


Cocain. 


Camphor. 


Nitrite of amyl. 


Adonin. 


Ammonia. 


Cactus grandiflorus. 


Spartein. 


Strychnin. 


Adrenalin. 




Convallaria. 



Heat is one of the most powerful and most easily ob- 
tained cardiac stimulants, and, in the absence of a physi- 
cian, should take precedence over all other remedies. 

Carminatives. — Remedies which aid in the expul- 
sion of gas from the stomach and intestines by increasing 
peristalsis and stimulating the circulation : 

Oil of peppermint. Cloves. Chloroform. 

Oil of turpentine. Ginger. Hoffmann's anodyne. 

Oil of anise. Camphor. Asafetida. 

Oil of cinnamon. Pepper. Capsicum. 

Cathartics. — Agents which increase intestinal evacu- 
ations. They are divided into : 

I. Laxatives. — Drugs which produce normal stools : 



Sulphur. 




Castor oil (small doses). 


Figs. 




Calomel (small doses). 


Magnesia. 




Cascara sagrada. 


Prunes. 




Tamarind. 


Molasses. 




Manna. 


2. Purgatives 


are more 


: active than laxatives, ar 


oduce large, soft stools : 




Calomel (large 


doses). 


Aloes. Senna. 


Castor oil (large doses). 


Rhubarb. Blue-mass, 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 27 

Purgatives in small doses act as laxatives, and laxatives 
in large doses become purgatives. 

3. Hydragogues. — Drugs which produce copious 
watery stools : 

Epsom salt. Jalap. Rochelle salt. 

Elaterium. Seidlitz powder. Sodium sulphate. 

Magnesium citrate. 

4. Drastics. — Drugs which produce violent action of 
the bowels, and in large doses cause gastro-intestinal 
inflammation : 

Croton oil. Colocynth. Podophyllum. 

Scammony. Gamboge. 

5. Cholagogues. — Drugs which stimulate the secre- 
tion of the liver, causing dark stools. The following are 
thought to possess cholagogue action : 

Mercury. Podophyllin. Ipecaa 

Sodium phosphate. Euonymin. Ox-gall. 

Cerebral Stimulants. — Drugs which stimulate the 
functional activity of the brain : 

Caffein. Strychnin. 

Cerebral Depressants. — Drugs which lessen the 
activity of the brain. Under this heading are included 
hypnotics, narcotics, and general anesthetics. 

Counterirritants. — Drugs which produce inflamma- 
tion of the parts to which they are applied. They relieve 
pain, reabsorb inflammatory products, and modify inter- 
nal inflammatory processes. They are divided into rube- 
facients and epispastics, or vesicants. 



28 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Rubefacients produce merely redness of the skin : 

Turpentine. Mustard. Ammonia. 

Iodin. Capsicum. Chloroform. 

Bpispastics, or vesicants, produce blisters : 

Strong ammonia-water. Cantharides. 

Tartar-emetic ointment. Croton oil. 

Deliriants. — Drugs which excite the activity of the 
brain to such a degree as to produce delirium and some- 
times convulsions : 

Alcohol (in full doses). Cannabis indica. 

Opium (during first stage). Belladonna. 

Hyoscyamus. Stramonium. 
Cocain. 

Digestives. — Drugs which promote digestion by 
chemic action : 

Hydrochloric acid. Pancreatin. Pepsin. 

Diastase. Papayotin. 

Bscharotics, or caustics, destroy the life of the 
soft tissues to which they are applied, and form a slough : 

Caustic potash. Caustic soda. 

Zinc chlorid. Copper sulphate. 

Chromic acid. Silver nitrate. 

Bromin. Sulphuric acid. 

Carbolic acid. Arsenous acid. 

Nitric acid. Acetic acid. 
Nitrate of mercury solution. 

Demulcents are substances which soothe inflamed 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 29 

mucous membranes. They are generally of a mucilagi- 
nous character: 



Flaxseed tea. 


White of egg. 


Starch. 


Acacia. 


Olive oil. 


Gelatin, 


Glycerin. 


Slippery elm. 





Deodorants. — Remedies which destroy bad odors : 

Chlorin. Hydrogen peroxid. 

Formalin. Potassium permanganate. 

Lime. Carbolic acid. 

Charcoal. 

Diaphoretics. — Remedies which increase the secre- 
tion of sweat: 

Opium. Pilocarpin. Hot packs. 

Alcohol. Hot baths. Vapor baths. 

Warburg's tincture. 

Disinfectants or Germicides. — Remedies which 
destroy noxious germs. The greatest disinfectant is 
heat; boiling water will, as a rule, destroy bacteria in 
from five to ten minutes. Next to boiling water steam 
is the most powerful agent, and next to steam, hot air. 
The chief chemic agents are : 

Corrosive sublimate. Carbolic acid. Formalin. 
Chlorin. Creolin. Salicylic acid. 

Thymol. Urotropin. Lysol. 

Antiseptics (see p. 24) in concentrated solution are 
also disinfectants. 

Diuretics. — Remedies which cause an increased flow 
of urine. They are divided into refrigerant or hydra- 
gogue diuretics and stimulant diuretics : 



30 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



Stimulant. Refrigerant. 

Turpentine. Potassium salts. 

Buchu. Digitalis. 

Juniper. Caffein. 

Copaiba. Strophanthus. 

Sandalwood. Squill. 

Cubebs. Theobromin. 

Cantharides. Scoparius. 

Eucalyptus. 

Uva ursi. 

Benzoic acid. 
Emetics. — Remedies which induce vomiting. They 
are divided into peripheral or stimulating emetics, which 
produce emesis by direct action on the stomach ; and 
central emetics, which produce their effect by acting 
upon the vomiting center in the brain : 



Peripheral Emetics. 

Warm water. 

Mustard. 

Alum. 

Zinc sulphate. 

Copper sulphate. 

Antiemetics. 



Central Emetics. 

Apomorphin. 

Ipecac (partly central). 

Tartar emetic (partly central). 



-Remedies which allay vomiting. 
Their action may be either peripheral or central : 

Central Antiemetics. 

Morphin. 
Bromids. 



Peripheral Antiemetics. 

Ice. 

Carbonated water. 
Lime-water. 
Carbolic acid. 
Bismuth subnitrate. 
Cocain. 

Hydrocyanic acid. 
Ipecac (minute doses). 



Chloral. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 



31 



^mmenagogues. — Remedies which restore the men- 
strual flow. They are divided into direct and indirect. 
Direct emmenagogues are those which stimulate the 
uterine muscular fiber ; the indirect improve the blood 
and tone up the nervous system : 



Indirect. 

Iron. 

Cod-liver oil. 
Strychnin. 
Purgatives (aloes). 



Direct. 

Potassium permanganate. 

Pulsatilla. 

Quinin. 

Cantharides. 

Myrrh. 

Apiol. 

Pennyroyal. 

Senecio. 
Expectorants. — Remedies which increase the amount 
of sputum formed in the air-passages, or so modify its 
character as to promote its expulsion with greater ease. 
They are divided into sedative or nauseating expectorants 
and stimulant expectorants. 

Nauseating expectorants promote bronchial secre- 
tion, render it less viscid, and, hence, more easy of re- 
moval, and in large doses cause vomiting. 

Stimulant expectorants stimulate the bronchial mu- 
cous membrane and modify and diminish expectoration : 

Nauseating Expectorants. 

Ipecac. 
Apomorphin. 



Tartar emetic. 
Lobelia. 
Potassium citrate. 



Stimulant Expectorants. 

Terebene. 

Squill. 

Senega. 

Copaiba. 

Creasote. 

Ammonium chlorid. 

Eucalyptus. 

Oil of sandalwood. 



32 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Febrifuges. — Remedies which lower the body-tem- 
perature. (See Antipyretics.) 

Hemostatics or Styptics. — Agents which arrest 
hemorrhage : 

Alum. Tannic acid. Ferric subsulphate 

Ferric chlorid. Lead acetate. (Monsel's solution). 

Vinegar. Gelatin. Adrenalin. 

Ergot. Hydrastis. Calcium chlorid. 

Pressure. Position. Actual cautery. 

Ice and heat are also hemostatics, heat being the 
better, as it causes the blood-vessels to shrink. Ice, 
by constricting the vessels, stops the hemorrhage for 
a while, but when removed, and the circulation is re- 
stored, bleeding may begin again. 

Hypnotics. — Remedies which induce sleep : 

Chloral hydrate. Hyoscin. Opium. 

Bromids. Trional. Chloralamid. 

Paraldehyd. Sulphonal. 

Heat to the feet and abdomen. 

A cup of hot cocoa and a cracker or a glass of hot 
milk will sometimes induce sleep by diverting the blood- 
supply from the brain. 

I/axatives. — (See Purgatives') 

Mydriatics. — Agents which dilate the pupil of the 
eye : 

Homatropin. Daturin. Atropin. 

Duboisin. Hyoscin. Cocain. 

Myotics. — Agents which contract the pupil of the eye : 
Physostigmin (eserin). Pilocarpin. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 33 

Narcotics. — Drugs which produce profound sleep or 
stupor. Large doses cause coma and death : 

Opium. Chloral. Alcohol. 

Chloroform. Cannabis indica. Ether. 

Nerve-Stimulants. — Remedies which increase the 
activity of the cerebrospinal system : 

Alcohol. Strychnin. Caffein. 

Atropin. Cocain. Exercise. 

Friction. 

Nerve-sedatives. — Remedies which act as sedatives 
to the entire nervous system : 

Chloral. Asafetida. Opium. 

Urethan. Antipyrin. Bromoform. 

Bromids. Sulphonal. Croton chloral. 

Valerian. Phenacetin. Cannabis indica. 

Antifebrin (acetanilid). Hyoscin. 

Oxytocics. — Drugs which increase the uterine con- 
tractions during and after labor : 

Ergot. Cotton-root. Quinin. Hydrastis. 

Refrigerants. — Remedies which relieve thirst and 
impart a feeling of coolness : 

Effervescing drinks. Cold water. 

Vegetable and mineral acids. Cold baths. 

Fruit-juices. Cold packs. 

Ice. Cold sponging. 

Respiratory Sedatives. — Drugs which lessen the 
activity of the respiratory center, causing thereby slow, 
shallow respirations : 

Opium. Aconite, Chloral. 

Tartar emetic. Hydrocyanic acid. 

3 



34 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Respiratory Stimulants.— Drugs which increase 
the activity of the respiratory center, making respirations 
deep and rapid : 

Ammonia. Atropin. Strychnin. Caffein. Cocain. 

Pulmonary Sedatives. — Remedies which relieve 
cough and dyspnea by their sedative action on the 
peripheral nerves of the lungs : 

Opium. Hyoscyamus. Bromids. 

Codein. Belladonna. Chloroform. 

Heroin. Cannabis indica. Hydrocyanic acid. 

The morning cough of tuberculosis can often be miti- 
gated by a warm, nourishing drink, such as a cup of 
warm cocoa, on first awaking. 

Tonics. — Remedies which restore energy and impart 
permanent strength to the whole body : 

Iron. Hydrochloric acid. Cod-liver oil. 

Arsenic. Nitrohydrochloric Strychnin. 

Phosphorus. acid. Quinin. 

Bichlorid of mercury (minute doses). 

Stomachics or Gastric Tonics. — Drugs which in- 
crease the flow of gastric juice and improve the appetite 
and digestion : 

Alkalis (well diluted and taken before meals). 
Cinchona. Dilute acids. Alcohol. 

Quassia. Gentian. Quinin. 

Calumba. Nux vomica. Orexin. 

Chamomile. Chirata. Taraxacum. 



CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS. 35 

Uterine Depressants.— Drugs which lower the ac- 
tivity of the uterine contractions : 

Opium. Chloroform. Chloral. 

Bromids. Viburnum prunifolium. 

Vesical Sedatives. — Remedies which lessen irrita- 
bility of the bladder : 

Belladonna. Hyoscyamus. 

Opium. Mucilaginous drinks. 

Corn-silk. 



PART II 



MATERIA MEDICA. 



Acacia. — Acacia is a gummy exudation obtained from 
a shrub growing in western Asia. 

Action and Uses. — In therapeutics acacia is used as a 
demulcent. In pharmacy it is used to suspend insoluble 
substances in water and to hold together the ingredients 
in pills and lozenges. 

Acetanilid (Antifebrin). — Action and Uses. — This 
anilin derivative is an antipyretic, analgesic, and anti- 
spasmodic. As an antipyretic, it is employed to control 
high temperature in such diseases as typhoid fever and 
scarlatina, but the external application of cold (cold pack 
or cold bath) is generally preferable on account of its 
stimulant effect. As an analgesic it is used in subduing 
such functional pains as headache and neuralgia. By re- 
lieving pain it also aids in inducing sleep. As an anti- 
spasmodic it has been recommended in epilepsy, chorea, 
and whooping-cough. 

Externally, acetanilid is sometimes employed as an 
antiseptic in place of iodoform. 

The effects of a toxic dose are ringing in the ears, 
deafness, a slow, weak, and compressible pulse, subnor- 
mal temperature, slow and shallow breathing, cold sweats, 
and a blue, livid face. 
36 



ACIDS. ?>7 

The treatment of poisoning 1 consists in the applica- 
tion of heat to all parts of the body and the use of heart- 
stimulants. 

As an antiseptic, acetanilid is used as a substitute for 
iodoform. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.) 

ACIDS. 

Acetic Acid (Acidum Aceticum). — Action and Uses. 
— Locally, pure acetic acid is used as a caustic in skin- 
affections. 

Acetic Acid, Dilute (Acidum Aceticum Dilutum). — 
Applied to the skin, acetic acid is a stimulant ; sponged 
over the body, it reduces the temperature and checks 
perspiration. It is also employed as an astringent in 
arresting hemorrhage. 

Dose, J to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Acetic acid in overdose is a corrosive poison, causing 
severe pain in the throat, extending to the abdomen, pro- 
fuse purging, and collapse. 

Treatment consists in giving large quantities of milk, 
chalk, magnesia, lime-water, or soap-water. 

ArsenotlS Acid (Acidum Arsenosum; White Ar- 
senic). — Metallic arsenic is inert and is not used in medi- 
cine. The preparations are all derived from white arsenic. 

Action and Uses.— Taken internally in small doses, 
arsenic is a general tonic, stomachic, alterative, and anti- 
periodic. It improves the appetite, digestion, and nutri- 
tion, and increases the strength and quantity of the blood. 
Externally, applied to any part in a concentrated form, it 
is a caustic ; in the dilute form it is an irritant and anti- 
septic. When applied locally to the broken skin, an 
ulcerated surface, or a mucous membrane, it may be ab- 



38 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

sorbed and produce the general effects of the drug upon 
the system. 

Dose, -£$ to rfa of a grain (0.0016-0.0032 gm.), usually 
given after meals, as it is apt to irritate the stomach if 
given when that organ is empty. 

The conditions in which arsenic is most commonly 
prescribed are neuralgia, chorea, anemia, chronic malaria, 
phthisis, diabetes, chronic rheumatism, and certain chronic 
inflammatory skin-diseases. 

When a patient is taking arsenic, such symptoms as 
puffiness about the eyes, griping pains in the abdomen, 
and slight diarrhea are danger-signals, and when they 
appear, the drug should be suspended. 

Large doses of arsenic produce severe pain in the 
esophagus, stomach, and abdomen, violent vomiting and 
purging, severe cramps in the calves of the legs, various 
eruptions on the skin, swelling of the face, and collapse. 

Treatment of Acute Poisoning". — Administer a prompt 
emetic of mustard and water, give warm demulcent drinks, 
such as flaxseed tea, milk with white of egg, or flour and 
water, which will assist the vomiting and envelop the 
poison. The best antidote is freshly precipitated hydrated 
sesquioxid of iron in the moist state, which should be 
given in doses of a tablespoonful every ten minutes. It 
may be extemporaneously prepared by diluting the tinc- 
ture of chlorid of iron with water and adding ammonia 
to precipitate the sesquioxid. Another method used with 
some success consists in giving a mixture of chalk and 
castor oil of the consistence of cream, which envelops 
the particles of poison adhering to the mucous membrane 
and renders them harmless while being carried through 
the bowels and evacuated. Heat must be applied to all 
parts of the body and stimulants given. 



ACIDS. 39 

Chronic arsenical poisoning" may result from the in- 
halation of dust or vapor arising from wall-paper or other 
fabrics dyed with arsenic. It is characterized by loss of 
flesh and strength, asthmatic seizures, pigmentation of 
the skin, and loss of power and sensation from inflamma- 
tion of peripheral nerves. 

Preparations of Arsenic. — Arsenic Iodid (Arseni 
Iodidum). — Dose, ^ to ^ grain (0.0022-0.0065 gm.). 

Solution of Arsenous Acid (Liquor Acidi Arsenosi). — 
Dose, 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Arsenate of Sodium (Sodii Arsenas). — Dose, -fa to y 1 ^- 
grain (0.0022-0.0065 gm.). 

Cigarettes made of bibulous paper which has been 
saturated with a solution of sodium arsenate and dried 
are smoked for the relief of asthma. 

Solution of Arsenic Bromid (Liquor Arseni Bromidi ; 
Clemens' Solution). — Dose, 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Solution of Arsenic and Mercuric Iodid (Liquor Arseni 
et Hydrargyri Iodidi ; Donovan's Solution). — Dose, 1 to 
3 minims (0.06-0.18 c.c). 

Solution of Sodium Arsenate (Liquor Sodii Arsenatis ; 
Pearson's Solution). — Dose, I to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Solution of Potassium Arsenite (Liquor Potassii Arse- 
nitis; Fowler's Solution).— Dose, 2 to 8 minims (0.12- 
0.5 c.c). 

When the local action of arsenic is desired, it is given 
before meals, so that nothing will prevent the action of 
the drug upon the walls of the stomach and intestines ; 
but when absorption is desired, in order to secure its 
general action, it is given immediately after meals, so 
that it will mix with the food and be absorbed. The 
dose is gradually increased until such symptoms as loss 
of appetite, irritation or soreness of the conjunctiva, 



40 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

swelling about the eyes, nausea, or diarrhea arise, after 
which it is gradually diminished (see chart). Fowler's 
solution is the liquid preparation most commonly used, 
and the chart is specially designed for that form : 



Dosage Chart. Fowler's Solution. 

Bed. Ward. Room Floor. 

Date Dose, 2 to 8 minims, t.i.d., P. C. 

Increase I drop every day until 8 drops are taken 
three times a day ; then as gradually decrease the dose. 



Day. 



p. M. 6 P. M. 



Remarks. 



Monday , 
Tuesday- 
Wednesday 
Thursday 
Friday . . 
Saturday . 
Sunday . 
Monday . 
Tuesday . 
Wednesday 
Thursday 
Friday . 
Saturday 
Sunday 
Monday 
Tuesday 
Wednesday 
Thursday 
Friday . . 



Children, as a rule, bear arsenic better than adults ; 
susceptible persons bear it better if it is given with 
opium. Tolerance is sometimes established, when large 
doses can be taken without poisonous effect. It is elimi- 
nated by the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, 
and by the kidneys, liver, and skin. 



ACIDS. 41 

Benzoic Acid (Acidum Benzoicum). — (See Benzoin) 
Boric Acid (Acidum Boricum ; Boracic Acid). — 
Action and Uses. — Boric acid is an unirritating anti- 
septic. Internally, it is somewhat diuretic, and tends to 
retard the decomposition of the urine. In large doses it 
is a gastro-intestinal irritant, producing nausea, vomiting, 
a feeble, rapid pulse, subnormal temperature, ecchymoses, 
hiccup, and collapse. 

Locally it is used in solution, ointment, or powder, as 
an application to wounds, burns, scalds, and various skin- 
diseases, to lessen excessive secretion, irritation, or itch- 
ing. Mixed with an equal quantity of starch, it is used 
as a dusting-powder in chapping and excoriation of the 
skin and to remove the odor of perspiration. It has also 
an astringent action. A 3 per cent, solution is largely 
used as a wash in inflammatory diseases of the eye, nose, 
and throat, and for irrigating the bladder. 

To make a 2 per cent, solution add 9 grains to I ounce of water. 
To make a 3 " " " 14 " to I " " 

A saturated solution of boric acid is one in which the 
water dissolves as much as it will of the drug. It is 
impossible to make a saturated solution of boric acid 
too strong, because the water cannot take up more than 
1 : 30, which is the usual strength used. 

Sodium Borate (Sodii Boras; Borax). — Dose, 5 to 15 
grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). 

Camphoric Acid (Acidum Camphoricum). — Action 
and Uses. — Camphoric acid is chiefly used internally in 
checking the night-sweats of phthisis. Locally, it is 
sometimes used in sore throat and cystitis. 

Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

As a local application to the throat a I per cent, solu- 



42 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

tion is commonly employed, and 0.5 of a 1 per cent, solu- 
tion is used for washing out the bladder. 

Carbolic Acid (Acidum Carbolicum ; Phenol ; Phenic 
Acid). — Action and Uses. — Carbolic acid is used exter- 
nally as a caustic, an antiseptic, a disinfectant, and a local 
anesthetic. Internally it is used as an antiemetic and as 
a gastro-intestinal antiseptic. As a caustic it is some- 
times employed in concentrated form to destroy warts and 
to purify sloughing wounds. Weak solutions were for- 
merly much used for their antiseptic properties in general 
surgical work, but more effective agents have been largely 
substituted. A 5 per cent, solution is very useful for disin- 
fecting soiled clothing, sputa, stools, etc. In the strength 
of 2 drams to the pint of water it is employed to allay 
itching in hives, eczema, and jaundice. 

In doses of one drop it is often of service in allaying 
obstinate vomiting and in checking fermentation in flatu- 
lent dyspepsia and diarrhea. 

Dose, \ to 2 minims (0.03-0.13 c.c.) in sweetened water. 

The strengths of the solutions used for the cleansing 
of instruments, etc., are I : 40 to I : 20 ; as a spray or 
mouth-wash, I : 100 or 1 : 80; and for a poultice, 1 : 80 
to 1 : 60. Solutions of the last strength are also used for 
vaginal douches. It must be remembered that carbolic 
acid is rapidly absorbed by the skin, mucous membranes, 
and raw surfaces ; for this reason many surgeons have 
the douche followed with one of plain water. Symp- 
toms of poisoning have been produced by the absorption 
of the drug from surgical dressings. The prolonged 
application of the drug, even in weak solutions, in the 
form of moist dressings, is liable to be followed by gan- 
grene. 

The first evidences of carbolic-acid poisoning are 



ACIDS. 



43 



a dark discoloration of the urine, due to various products 
of the oxidation of the acid, giddiness, ringing in the 
ears, headache, and lassitude. On the appearance of any 
of these symptoms, the drug should be discontinued. 

The symptoms of a poisonous dose are burning pain 
in the throat, stomach, and abdomen, vomiting and purg- 
ing, cold clammy skin, a rapid, feeble pulse, rapid respi- 
rations, collapse, delirium, and death, which may be pre- 
ceded by convulsions. The mouth and lips may be 
covered with white corrugated patches from the local 
action of the drug. 

Treatment. — The chemic antidotes are alcohol and 
Epsom or Glauber's salts. To allay irritation demulcent 
drinks, such as equal parts of milk and lime-water, white 
of egg, or flaxseed tea, may be administered. The body- 
temperature must be kept up by the external application 
of heat, and heart-failure combated by the hypodermic 
use of stimulants. Oils or glycerin should not be given, 
since they aid absoiption by dissolving the acid. 

Sulphocarbolate of sodium is a derivative of carbolic 
acid, and is used internally as an antiseptic. It is without 
the dangers of carbolic acid. Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3- 
1.3 gm.). 

Chromic Acid (Acidum Chromicum; Chromic Tri- 
oxid). — Action and Uses. — Chromic acid is used exter- 
nally as a caustic for the destruction of syphilitic warts 
and similar growths, its action being deep but slow. It 
has also been used as an antiseptic, deodorant, and dis- 
infectant, in the strength of 1 to 40 parts of water. 

Citmamic Acid (Acidum Cinnamicum). — Action and 
Uses. — Cinnamic acid, a derivative of cinnamon, bal- 
sam of tolu, and other aromatic balsams, has been used 
both internally and externally in tuberculosis. 



44 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Dose, from I to 10 minims (0.06-0.6 c.c.) hypoderm- 
ically. 

Citric Acid (Acidum Citricum). — Action and Uses. — 
Citric acid is usually prepared from lemon-juice, and is 
often used as a substitute for the latter. It is refrigerant, 
diuretic, and diaphoretic, and has also mild antiseptic 
properties. It is used in the prevention and cure of 
scurvy, in rheumatism, in catarrhal jaundice, and as a 
cooling drink. Locally, it has been employed in arrest- 
ing hemorrhages from the lungs, nose, and uterus. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.) ; of the syrup, 1 to 
4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Gallic Acid (Acidum Gallicum). — Action and Uses. 
— Gallic acid is obtained from gall-nuts or from tannic 
acid by boiling with a weak mineral acid. It differs from 
tannic acid in not precipitating alkaloids or albumin. It 
is a feeble astringent. Internally it is used in checking 
hemorrhage and excessive secretions, as in diarrhea, dia- 
betes, and night-sweats. It is eliminated unchanged by 
the kidneys. 

Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.), given in pill, solu- 
tion, or powder. Locally, in the form of an ointment 
with opium, it is astringent and sedative. 

Hydriodic Acid, Dilute (Acidum Hydriodicum 
Dilutum). — Action and Uses. — Hydriodic acid is an 
alterative, and is used for the same purposes as potas- 
sium iodid. 

Dose, 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2 c.c). 

Hydrobromic Acid, Dilute (Acidum Hydrobromi- 
cum Dilutum). — Action and Uses. — The action of dilute 
hydrobromic acid is similar to that of the bromids, but 
it is not so powerful, and hence it is less depressing and 
less apt to cause acne. It is useful in congestive head- 



acids, 45 

aches, neuralgia, and hysteria. It is sometimes combined 
with quinin to prevent cinchonism. 

Dose, I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Hydrochloric Acid (Acidum Hydrochloricum ; Mu- 
riatic Acid). — Action and Uses. — Dilute hydrochloric 
acid is a digestant, refrigerant, and tonic. Being a nor- 
mal constituent of the gastric juice, it is used as an aid 
to digestion in certain forms of dyspepsia. It is also used 
as a tonic, and locally as a solvent for carious bone. In 
continued fevers it often acts favorably as a refrigerant. 
Locally the strong acid is sometimes used as a caustic in 
removing warts and other small growths. 

Dose, 3 to 6 minims (0.2-0.4 c.c.) well diluted. It 
should be taken through a glass tube to prevent injury 
to the teeth. 

Symptoms of Poisoning". — Intense burning pain, vom- 
iting and purging of mucous and bloody material, and 
collapse. 

Treatment. — The antidotes are chalk, lime, soap, and 
soda. After neutralizing the poison vomiting should be 
encouraged and followed by mucilaginous drinks. Col- 
lapse must be combated by the application of heat and 
the administration of stimulants. 

Hydrochloric Acid, Dilute (Acidum Hydrochlori- 
cum Dilutum ; Dilute Muriatic Acid). — Dilute hydro- 
chloric acid is valuable as an aid to digestion. 

Dose, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Hydrocyanic Acid or Prussic Acid (Acidum 
Hydrocyanicum ; Dilute Hydrocyanic Acid). — Action 
and Uses. — Hydrocyanic acid is used solely to allay 
irritation of the peripheral nerves. Thus it is employed 
internally for the cough of phthisis and chronic bron- 
chitis, for gastralgia and obstinate vomiting, and exter- 



46 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

nally to subdue the itching in pruritus, eczema, and 
hives. 

Dose, i to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c.) ; as a wash, 20 to 
60 minims (1.2-3.7 c - c -) to l ounce of water (30 ex.). 

Symptoms of intolerance are heavy headache, giddi- 
ness, a peculiar bitter taste in the mouth, and a tight 
feeling in the stomach. Upon the appearance of any 
of these symptoms the drug should be stopped and the 
physician notified. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — The diluted prussic acid is 
one of the most rapidly fatal poisons, 50 minims (3 c.c.) 
having proved fatal. The symptoms often commence 
during the act of swallowing. There is immediate loss 
of the muscular power ; the patient froths at the mouth, 
staggers, and falls to the ground; the face is livid or 
pallid ; the eyes are glassy and prominent ; the pupils 
dilated and insensible to light ; the pulse is slow and full ; 
the respirations are difficult. Death sometimes occurs 
in violent convulsions. A strong characteristic odor of 
bitter almonds is exhaled. 

Treatment. — Such is the rapidity with which the drug 
produces its effects that there is rarely time for remedies. 
Dashing cold water over the face and chest, artificial res- 
piration, the cautious inhalation of ammonia, and the 
use of stimulants internally and externally may be 
tried. 

I/actic Acid (Acidum Lacticum). — Lactic acid is 
obtained from the fermentation of milk, and appears as 
an odorless, colorless, syrupy liquid. It is used chiefly 
as a caustic. In solutions of from 20 to 80 per cent, it 
has been found a valuable local remedy in tuberculous 
laryngitis. Formerly, dilute solutions were used to dis- 
solve false membrane in diphtheria. Internally it is 



ACIDS. 47 

sometimes used as an antiseptic and astringent in diar- 
rhea of children. 

Dose, 5 to 30 minims (0.3-0.2 c.c.) freely diluted ; as 
a local application a solution of 1 : 5 is generally used. 

Nitric Acid (Acidum Nitricum; Aqua Fortis). — 
Action and Uses. — Internally, nitric acid is a tonic 
astringent and antiseptic, and as such is sometimes given 
with advantage in intestinal dyspepsia associated with 
loose stools. Externally, in concentrated form, it is a 
powerful caustic. As a caustic, it is used successfully 
in gangrenous ulcers, warts, and venereal sores. 

Nitric Acid, Dilute (Acidum Nitricum Dilutum). — 
Dose, 7 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). It should be taken 
well diluted through a glass tube. 

The symptoms of poisoning" are essentially the same 
as those of hydrochloric acid, except that the tongue is 
swollen and of a citron color. The vapor of this acid is 
destructive to life, and great care must be taken not to 
inhale the fumes. 

The treatment of poisoning" is the same as in the 
case of hydrochloric acid. 

Nitrohydrochloric Acid (Nitromuriatic Acid ; Aci- 
dum Nitrohydrochloricum). — Action and Uses. — Nitro- 
hydrochloric acid is used internally to stimulate the 
secretions of the liver and bowel. It is an excellent 
tonic and stomachic in convalescence from acute dis- 
eases. Locally it is employed in the form of baths and 
fomentations. 

Dose, I to 5 minims (006-0.3 c.c.) well diluted; of the 
dilute, 5 to 10 minims (03-0.6 c.c). 

F or fomentations, I to 2 drams to 1 pint of water. 

For sponging or general bath, about 6 ounces of acid 
to 4 gallons of hot water (temperature, 98 ° F.). 



48 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

The first symptoms of intolerance are pains in the 
abdomen, and diarrhea, thirst, and restlessness. 

Poisoning'. — The symptoms are severe burning pain ex- 
tending from mouth to stomach, vomiting and purging 
of bloody material, and collapse. 

Treatment. — On account of the corrosive action, anti- 
dotes can rarely be employed in time to prevent serious 
injury. 

The antidotes are magnesia, lime, whitewash, and soap. 
Demulcents like white of egg and oil should be given to 
allay irritation. External heat and stimulants are required 
on account of the collapse. 

Oleic Acid (Acidum Oleicum). — Action and Uses. — 
Oleic acid is used in medicine solely as a vehicle for 
remedies to be applied to the skin. It is a fatty sub- 
stance, and is more quickly absorbed by the skin than 
the ointments. 

Oxalic Acid (Acidum Oxalicum). — Action and 
Uses. — Oxalic acid is a powerful germicide and is chiefly 
used in surgery as a disinfectant for the hands. It has 
been used internally in cases of retarded menstruation. 

Dose, \ to J grain (0.012-0.02 gm.). 

Howard A. Kelly, of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 
claims that permanganate of potassium and oxalic acid 
afford the only known practical method of perfectly dis- 
infecting the hands of the surgeon, and that in this proc- 
ess the oxalic acid, not the permanganate of potassium, 
is the essential disinfecting agent. 

Poisoning-. — Symptoms. — Oxalic acid is a certain and 
rapidly acting poison. It bears a close resemblance 
to Epsom salts, and has frequently been the cause of 
accidental death by being mistaken for that drug. When 
taken in large dose, it causes an intensely acrid taste, 



acids. 49 

burning sensation in the throat extending to the stomach, 
vomiting and purging, intense pain in abdomen, cold, 
clammy skin, an irregular feeble pulse, unconsciousness, 
and collapse. There may be symptoms pointing to the ner- 
vous system, such as convulsions, stupor, and paralysis. 

Treatment. — The best antidote is a paste of chalk and 
milk or chalk and water ; if chalk is not at hand, mag- 
nesia, whitewash, or any preparation of lime should be 
given freely in large doses. After neutralizing the poison, 
vomiting should be encouraged and followed by muci- 
laginous drinks or lime-water and sweet oil. If collapse 
occurs, apply heat and give stimulants. 

Phosphoric Acid, Dilute (Acidum Phosphoricum 
Dilutum). — Action and Uses. — The action of phos- 
phoric acid is somewhat similar to that of hydrochloric 
acid, and bears no relation to that of phosphorus. It is 
sometimes employed to allay thirst in febrile diseases and 
diabetes, and as a mild stomachic in atonic dyspepsia. 

Dose, i o to 60 minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Picric Acid (Acidum Picricum). — Picric acid is a 
product obtained by acting with nitric acid on a com- 
pound formed by dissolving carbolic acid in sulphuric 
acid. It is a yellow, crystalline powder, freely soluble in 
water. In pure form it acts as a caustic. Poisonous 
doses cause vomiting, diarrhea, yellowness of the skin, 
mucous membranes, and urine, convulsions, and collapse. 
It possesses some power as a germicide. 

Gauze wet with a 1 per cent, solution of picric acid 
makes a useful dressing in burns of the first and second 
degree, in acute eczema, and in herpes zoster. 

Pyrogallic Acid. — (See Pyrogallol) 

Salicylic Acid (Acidum Salicylicum). — Action and 
Uses. — Salicylic acid is an organic acid contained in the 



50 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

oils of wintergreen and birch, but chiefly prepared arti- 
ficially from carbolic acid. It appears as a fine white 
powder, odorless, of a sweetish, acrid taste. Internally 
it is used as an antirheumatic, analgesic, and intestinal 
antiseptic. Externally it is used as an antiseptic, as a 
dusting-powder for sweating feet, and as a solvent remedy 
for corns. It is eliminated by all the secretions, but chiefly 
by the urine, and when taken in very large doses, imparts 
to the latter a greenish color. As it is more irritating 
to the stomach than its salts, — sodium, ammonium, and 
strontium salicylate, — the latter are generally selected for 
internal use. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.), given after meals well 
diluted. As an antiseptic, 1 : 60 is the usual strength used. 

Symptoms of intolerance are headache, ringing in 
the ears, and fulness in the head. If continued, these 
symptoms become intensified and are followed by deaf- 
ness, dimness of vision, a slow, weak pulse, free perspira- 
tion, fall in temperature, a dark-green discoloration of the 
urine, delirium, and rapid, shallow breathing, unconscious- 
ness, and asphyxia. 

Sulphuric Acid (Acidum Sulphuricum ; Oil of Vit- 
riol). — Action and Uses. — Pure sulphuric acid is a pow- 
erful irritant and caustic. It is rarely used internally. 

Sulphuric Acid, Dilute (Acidum Sulphuricum Di- 
lutum). — Action and Uses. — The dilute sulphuric acid 
is a refrigerant, tonic, astringent, and hemostatic. 

Dose. — Sulphuric acid, 1 to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c.) ; 
dilute sulphuric acid, 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c); aro- 
matic sulphuric acid (elixir of vitriol), 5 to 20 minims 
(0.3-1.2 c.c), well diluted. Sulphuric acid should be 
taken through a quill or a glass tube to prevent injuring 
the teeth. 



ACIDS. 51 

The symptoms of poisoning" and the treatment are 
the same as those of hydrochloric acid poisoning. 

Sulphurous Acid (Acidum Sulphurosum). — Action 
and Uses. — This is a watery solution (6.4 per cent.) of 
sulphurous acid gas, appearing as a colorless solution 
with an odor of burning sulphur. It is a germicide and 
deodorant. It is sometimes employed as a local remedy 
in ring-worm and other parasitic skin diseases. In the 
gaseous form, generated by burning sulphur, sulphurous 
acid has been extensively used as a disinfectant for rooms. 
It is, however, less reliable and more injurious to fabrics 
than formaldehyd. 

Tannic Acid (Acidum Tannicum ; Tannin). — This is 
a vegetable acid obtained from nut-galls. It is a pale 
yellow, odorless, bulky powder, with very strong astrin- 
gent properties. It is used as an astringent, a hemo- 
static, and an antidote. As an astringent it is employed 
to check excessive secretions, especially from mucous 
membranes. As a hemostatic, it may be given in full 
doses in the various forms of internal hemorrhage. As 
it forms insoluble compounds with tartar emetic and the 
vegetable alkaloids, it is a useful antidote in poisoning by 
one of these drugs. 

Dose, 2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.6 gm.). 

Preparations. — Glycerite of Tannic Acid (Glyceritum 
Acidi Tannici). — For local use. 

Styptic Collodion (Collodium Stypticum). — For exter- 
nal use in bleeding. 

Ointment of Tannic Acid (Unguentum Acidi Tannici). 
— For external use. 

Troches of Tannic Acid (Trochisci Acidi Tannici). — 
Each contains 1 grain (0.06 gm.) of the acid. 

Tamialbin is a combination of tannic acid and albumin, 



52 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

liberating free tannic acid in the bowel. It is used in 
diarrhea in doses of from 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.) in 
powder or some mucilaginous vehicle. 

Tannigen, a compound prepared by the action of 
strong acetic acid on tannic acid. Like tannalbin, it 
escapes decomposition in the stomach, but liberates free 
tannic acid in the bowel. It is used for the purpose and 
in the same dose as tannalbin. 

Tannoform, a combination of tannic acid and formal- 
dehyd. The dose is from 1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.). 
It is most too irritating, however, for internal use. Mixed 
with powdered talc or zinc oxid (1 to 3) it makes an 
excellent local application in excessive sweating of the 
feet. 

Tartaric Acid (Acidum Tartaricum).— Action and 
Uses. — Tartaric acid is a vegetable acid prepared from 
cream of tartar. It appears as colorless crystals or as 
a white powder having a strongly acid taste. It is em- 
ployed as a laxative and diuretic. It is one of the ingre- 
dients in Seidlitz powders. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.), well diluted. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — These are burning pain in 
the throat and the stomach, vomiting, purging, and 
collapse. 

Treatment. — Chalk and water, magnesia, soapsuds, 
or lime-water may be given, followed by demulcent 
drinks. 

Aconite (Aconitum; Monkshood). — Action and 
Uses. — Aconite is the dried root of a perennial plant 
{Aconitum napellus) growing in the temperature zones. 
Its chief action is on the circulation. It lowers the blood- 
pressure by depressing the heart, and slows the pulse by 



ACONITE. 53 

stimulating the inhibitory nerves. When rubbed into the 
skin or taken internally in large doses, it exerts a be- 
numbing effect by depressing the peripheral sensory 
nerve -fibers. In the febrile state moderate doses of 
aconite cause a slight fall of temperature and induce 
mild diaphoresis. In large doses the drug is a depressant 
to respiration. 

Aconite is employed internally in acute febrile diseases 
to quiet the circulation, to lower temperature, and to pro- 
mote diaphoresis. It is sometimes useful in palpitation 
and excessive hypertrophy of the heart. It has been 
much used both locally and internally in various forms of 
neuralgia. In small doses it serves to check obstinate 
vomiting. 

Poisoning. — The symptoms of poisoning are numb- 
ness and tingling of the lips, tongue, fingers, or whole 
body ; a slow, weak pulse ; slow, shallow respirations ; 
subnormal temperature ; pallor of skin ; cold sweats ; 
and death in collapse. Convulsions sometimes occur 
before death. 

Treatment. — If the symptoms are not very severe, 
emetics should be given or the stomach washed out with 
the stomach-pump, the vomited matter being received in 
a towel, the patient having been placed in bed with the 
head lowered and the foot of the bed elevated. If the 
symptoms are severe, emetics should not be given with- 
out the sanction of a physician, as the vomiting might 
arrest the action of the heart. Heat must be applied 
over the heart and to all parts of the body. Heart- 
stimulants should be given hypodermically, and arti- 
ficial respiration practised if necessary. 

Dose. — Extract of Aconite (Extractum Aconiti). — From 
i to \ grain (0.01-0.016 gm.). 



54 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Tincture of Aconite (Tinctura Aconiti). — From I to 5 
minims (0.06-0.3 c - c -)- 

Fluid Extract of Aconite (Extractum Aconiti Fluidum). 
— From 1 to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c). 

Aconite liniment (St. Jacob's Oil, a patent medicine) is 
a weak aconite liniment for external use which contains 
also alcohol, turpentine, ether, water, and coloring-matter. 

Aconitin (Active Principle of Aconite). — From t Jij" to 
-j-fo grain (0.0003-0.0004 gm.). 

Aconite is rapidly absorbed, and when applied locally, 
its action should be watched. The pulse, temperature, 
and respirations should be taken before the medicine is 
given. The patient should be kept in bed, if possible, 
and not allowed to make any exertion or sudden move- 
ment. Cold drafts must be guarded against. 

Adeps I^anse Hydrosus. — (See Lanolin) 

Adonidin. — This is an intensely bitter substance, 
obtained from a perennial plant (Adonis vernalis) growing 
in northern Europe and Asia. It affects the circulation 
somewhat like digitalis. Its action, however, while more 
prompt, is less certain and powerful. 

Dose, \ to \ grain (0.008-0.01 gm.). 

Adrenalin. — This is a crystalline body obtained from 
suprarenal glands. It is usually marketed in the form 
of a 1 : 1000 solution. Locally, on raw surfaces or 
mucous membranes, it is an exceedingly powerful con- 
strictor of the blood-vessels, even one drop of a 1 : 50,000 
solution blanching the conjunctiva within a minute. 
Administered subcutaneously or intravenously, it raises 
the blood-pressure by stimulating the heart and con- 
stricting the peripheral vessels. Locally, solutions of 
adrenalin (1 : 5000 to I : 1 000) are useful in checking 
hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially during 



ALCOHOL. 55 

operations. Somewhat weaker solutions have been found 
useful in hay-fever. In hemorrhage of the stomach or 
bowel from 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c.) of the 1 : 1000 
solution are sometimes given by the mouth. Intravenous 
injections have been recommended in surgical shock, col- 
lapse, and heart-failure during anesthesia. 

J^ther.— (See Ether.) 

Agaricin. — This is a crystalline body obtained from 
a fungus growing on the larch-tree. It is an impure form 
of agaric acid. It is chiefly employed to check excessive 
perspiration. 

Dose. — Of agaricin, \ to 1 grain (0.016-0.065 gm.); 
of agaric acid, \to\ grain (0.01-0.03 gm.). 

Alcohol. — Action and Uses. — Externally, alcohol is 
used as a stimulating lotion and antiseptic in cleansing 
the skin before operations. Rubbed into the skin it also 
prevents bed-sores by hardening the epidermis. Inter- 
nally, in moderate amounts, alcohol stimulates the heart 
and nervous system, favors gastric digestion, increases 
the sweat and urine, lowers temperature, and, being 
largely burnt up in the body, acts as an auxiliary food. 
It is eliminated from the body by the lungs, skin, bowels, 
and kidneys. As a general stimulant, alcohol is valuable 
in low fevers and wasting diseases. When doing good, 
in febrile diseases, alcohol lowers the temperature, 
strengthens and slows the pulse and respirations, moistens 
the tongue, cools the skin, lessens delirium, and induces 
sleep. Opposite effects indicate that it is doing harm 
rather than good. Persistence of the odor of alcohol on 
the breath for more than fifteen or twenty minutes after 
administration is also an indication of excessive dosage. 

As a pure heart-stimulant, it is of service in combating 
the various forms of sudden heart-failure. Champagne 



5 6 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

is very useful in obstinate vomiting, especially when given 
ice-cold. 

As alcohol has the power of counteracting the caustic 
action of carbolic acid, it is, when administered early, a 
valuable antidote in carbolic-acid poisoning. 

Percentage 
Preparations. of alcohol. Dose. 

Absolute alcohol 99 Only used externally. 

Alcohol 91 I to 2 drams ( 2- 8c.c.) 

Dilute alcohol 41 1 to 4 " ( 4-15 c.c.) 

Whisky (spiritus frumenti) .... 45 to 50 I to 4 " ( 4-15 c.c.) 

Brandy (spiritus vini gallici) . . . 45 to 50 I to 4 " ( 4-15 c.c.) 

Gin (spiritus juniperi) 45 to 50 I to 4 " ( 4-15 c.c.) 

White wine (vinum album) ... 10 to 14 4 to 8 " (15-30 c.c.) 

Red wine (vinum rubrum) .... 10 to 14 4 to 8 " (15-30 c.c.) 

Sherry wine (vinum xericum) . . 15 to 20 4 to 8 " (15-30 c.c.) 

Port wine (vinum portense) ... 15 to 20 4 to 8 " (15-30 c.c.) 

Claret 8 to 10 8 to 16 " (30-60 c.c.) 

Champagne 10 to 13 8 to 16 " (30-60C.C.) 

Ale, beer, and porter 3 to 6 

The ingestion of large quantities of alcohol produces 
the following symptoms : mental excitement, flushing of 
the face, quickening of the pulse and respiration, then 
incoherent speech, loss of coordination, vomiting, deli- 
rium, subnormal temperature, dilated pupils, and, finally, 
stupor and coma. Death may result from failure of the 
heart or respiration. 

Treatment of Poisoning. — Emetics should be given, 
or the stomach washed out with the stomach-pump. 
Cold should be applied to the head and heat to other 
parts of the body. Mucilaginous drinks, such as linseed 
tea, white of egg, or milk, are useful in allaying gastric 
irritation. If the pulse indicates heart-failure, heart-stimu- 
lants should be given hypodermically. 

Allium. — (See Garlic.) 



ALOES. 57 

Almonds (Amygdala Amara, Bitter Almond ; Amyg- 
dala Dulcis, Sweet Almond). — Action and Uses. — The 
bitter almond yields hydrocyanic acid in the presence of 
water. It is used to allay cough in pulmonary diseases 
and as a flavoring agent. 

The sweet almond is a demulcent and nutrient. As 
it contains no starch, it is sometimes ground into a flour 
and made into bread (almond bread) for the use of dia- 
betic patients. 

Externally it is applied to slight excoriations. It is 
said also to relieve freckles, sunburn, and to whiten the 
skin. 

Dose, — Water of Bitter Almond (Aqua Amygdalae 
Amarae). — From I to 2 drams (4 to 8 c.c). 

Oil of Bitter Almond (Oleum Amygdalae Amarae). — 
From \ to \ minim (0.015-0.03 c.c). 

Spirit of Bitter Almond (Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae). 
— From 3 to 10 minims (0.18-0.6 c.c). 

Syrup of Bitter Almond (Syrupus Amygdalae Amarae). 
— From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Emulsion of Sweet Almond (Emulsum Amygdalae). — 
From 1 to 16 drams (4-60 c.c). 

Expressed Oil of Sweet Almond (Oleum Amygdalae 
Expressum). — From 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Syrup of Sweet Almond (Syrupus Amygdalae). — From 
1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Aloes (Aloe). — Action and Uses. — Aloes is the dried 
juice of several species of aloe, a plant resembling, to 
some extent, the American century plant. It contains a 
neutral principle, aloin. Aloes acts as a stomachic, 
cathartic, and emmenagogue. As its cathartic action 
is very slow, it should be given before supper, when 
an action of the bowels will usually take place next 



58 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

morning about breakfast time. As an emmenagogue, 
it is often given with nux vomica, iron, and myrrh. 
On account of its nauseous and bitter taste, it is best 
given in pill form. 

Aloin (Aloinum). — From J to J grain (0.16-0. 13 gm.). 

Dose. — Barbadoes aloes, 2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.65 gm.). 

Socotrine aloes, 2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.65 gm.). 

Tincture of aloes, 1 to 2 drams (4-8 ex.). 

Extract of aloes, \ to 5 grains (0.03-0.3 gm.). 

Tincture of aloes and myrrh, I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Wine of aloes, \ to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Enema of aloes contains : Aloes, 40 grains ; carbonate 
of potassium, 15 grains; mucilage of starch, 10 ounces. 

Althea (Althaea ; Marshmallow). — Action and Uses. 
— Marshmallow is used internally as a demulcent and 
externally as a poultice. 

Alum (Alumen ; Aluminum and Potassium Sulphate). 
— Action and Uses. — Alum is a powerful astringent, a 
styptic, and an emetic. 

Dose. — As an astringent, the dose is 5 to 15 grains 
(0.3-1.0 gm.). 

Given as an emetic, 1 to 4 drams (4.0-15.5 gm.). 

As a gargle, 1 ounce to a pint of sweetened water. 

As a spray for the throat, 20 grains to an ounce of 
water. 

As a vaginal wash, 2 to 5 grains to a pint of water. 

To check perspiration, 2 grains to an ounce of water. 

Dried alum is used to prevent bed-sores and as a mild 
escharotic. 

Ammonia. — Action and Uses. — Internally, ammonia 
is a heart-stimulant, a respiratory stimulant, and an ant- 
acid. Externally it is a counterirritant. Applied locally 
to the skin and allowed to evaporate, it produces simply 



AMMONIAC. 59 

redness, but if used in concentrated form and evaporation 
is prevented, it soon produces a blister. When employed 
in urgent cases of heart-failure, it is best injected into one 
of the veins of the leg, since its subcutaneous injection is 
very apt to cause sloughing. Inhaled to prevent fainting 
or drowsiness, its use should not be continued too long, 
as it irritates the mucous membrane of the air-passages. 

Ammonia poisoning- is characterized by severe burn- 
ing in the throat, griping abdominal pains, vomiting and 
purging of bloody material, great difficulty in breathing, 
and collapse. 

Treatment. — This consists in the prompt use of weak 
acids, such as vinegar and water or lemon-juice, to coun- 
teract the alkali, and of large quantities of oil or milk. 
Cold must be applied to the head and heat to the feet. 
Heat should not be applied to the body, as it favors the 
action of the drug, while cold has the opposite effect. 

Preparations and their Doses. — Water of Ammonia 
(Aqua Ammoniae). — From ioto 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Spirit of Ammonia (Spiritus Ammoniae). — From 1 o to 
60 minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Stronger Water of Ammonia (Liquor Ammoniae For- 
tior). — Used only externally as a counterirritant and a 
vesicant. 

Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia (Spiritus Ammoniae Aro- 
maticus). — Used as a carminative in aiding the expulsion 
of gas from the stomach and intestine, as an antacid in 
counteracting the acidity of the stomach, and as a gen- 
eral stimulant in relieving faintness and depression. Dose, 
\ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Ammoniac (Ammoniacum). — This is a gum-resin 
obtained from a plant (Dorema ammoniacum) growing 
in Persia. 



60 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Action and Uses. — It is occasionally employed as 
a stimulant expectorant. Used locally it is a stimulant 
and mild counterirritant. 

Dose, i to 30 grains (0.65-2.0 gm.). 

Emulsion (Emulsum Ammoniaci). — From 1 to 4 drams 
(15-30 c.c). 

Ammoniac plaster with mercury is used externally. 

Ammonium Acetate (Ammonii Acetas). — This salt 
is used in medicine in the form of an aqueous solution 
(liquor ammonii acetatis ; spirit of mindererus). It is a 
mild diaphoretic, diuretic, and antacid. When used as 
a diaphoretic, it is generally given with the sweet spirits 
of niter. The patient must be kept warm, for when the 
skin is cool, it acts as a diuretic. 

Dose, 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Ammonium Bromid (Ammonii Bromidum). — This 
drug is employed as a nerve-sedative and for the same 
purposes as bromid of potassium, though it is less de- 
pressing than the potassium salt. When given together, 
a better result is often obtained than when either drug is 
given alone. It should be well diluted, as it is somewhat 
irritating to the stomach. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-4.0 gm.). 

Ammonium Carbonate (Ammonii Carbonas). — 
This drug is a powerful heart- and respiratory stimu- 
lant and a stimulant expectorant. Its stimulant and 
expectorant properties make it a useful remedy in pneu- 
monia and severe forms of acute bronchitis. 

Dose, 1 to 10 grains (0.06-0.6 gm.). 

Ammonium Chlorid (Ammonii Chloridum). — Unlike 
ammonium carbonate, this drug has no stimulant effect 
upon either the heart or the respiration. It does, however, 
exert a stimulant effect upon mucous membranes, espe- 



AMYL NITRITE. 6 1 

daily those of the respiratory and gastro-intestinal tracts. 
It is a valuable expectorant in the later stages of acute 
bronchitis. It is also useful in jaundice the result of 
catarrh of the bile-ducts. It sometimes affords relief in 
muscular rheumatism and in neuralgia of the ovarian type. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). 

Ammonium lodid (Ammonii Iodidum). — This salt 
is used internally as an alterative and absorbent. It re- 
sembles iodid of potassium in its action. 

Dose, 2 to 5 grains (0.13-0.32 gm.). 

Ammonium Valerianate (Ammonii Valerianas). — 
This salt is used as a nerve-sedative in nervousness, hys- 
teria, and neurasthenia. 

Dose, 10 to 15 grains (0.6-1.0 gm.) in capsules or elixir. 

Amyl Nitrite (Amyl Nitris). — The nitrites are salts 
formed by the union of nitrous acid with a base. Amyl 
nitrite appears as a pale-yellow liquid having a fruity odor 
and an aromatic taste. It is freely soluble in alcohol and 
ether, but almost insoluble in water. It should be kept 
in dark-colored bottles, in a cool dark place, remote from 
light and fire. 

Action and Uses. — The chief physiologic action of 
nitrite of amyl is upon the spinal cord and the circula- 
tion. Under its influence arterial pressure falls, from 
paralysis of the blood-vessel walls. At the same time 
the heart is directly or indirectly stimulated, the number 
and force of its contractions being increased. This period 
of stimulation after a moderate dose gradually subsides 
into the normal state, but after a toxic dose it passes into 
one of cardiac paralysis with a final arrest of the heart 
in diastole. 

The motor and reflex centers are depressed, owing to 
a direct action of the drug upon the motor side of the 



62 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

spinal cord. The sensory nerves and centers are not 
influenced. 

Nitrite of amyl is used as a heart-stimulant in sudden 
heart-failure, and as a depressomotor in angina pectoris 
and the convulsions of epilepsy, tetanus, and strychnin- 
poisoning. It is rarely used in puerperal convulsions on 
account of the danger of uterine relaxation and post- 
partum hemorrhage. Its action is very quick and tran- 
sient, it being absorbed and eliminated with great rapidity. 

Dose. — Internally, I to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c.) ; by 
inhalation, I to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

For inhalation it is prepared in pearls of thin glass, 
each containing from 2 to 4 minims. One of these is 
crushed in a handkerchief or towel, the broken glass 
shaken off, and the fumes inhaled. It produces a sense 
of fulness and throbbing in the head, roaring in the ears, 
flushing of the face, and increased action of the heart 
and respiration, all of which quickly disappear. The 
patient should, if possible, be instructed to inhale the 
drug slowly, and should be prepared for the effects of it. 

A poisonous dose produces all the symptoms men- 
tioned above, and, in addition, a cold, clammy skin, a 
feeble, slow pulse, cyanosis, restlessness, anxiety of mind, 
irregular respirations, and complete muscular relaxation. 
Death results from paralysis of the heart or respiration. 

Treatment. — Heart-stimulants, such as brandy, digi- 
talis, strychnin, or atropin, may be given hypodermically. 
Hot and cold douches should be applied alternately to 
the body, and cold to the head. Artificial respiration 
should be employed if necessary. 

Amylum. — (See Starch?) 

Anise (Anisum). — Action and Uses. — Anise is the 
dried fruit of a small plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing 



A A TIMONY. 63 

in North America and southern Europe. It contains an 
aromatic volatile oil. It is employed as a carminative and 
as a flavoring agent. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). 

Oil of Anise (Oleum Anisi). — From 2 to 5 minims 
(0.12-0.3 c.c). 

Spirit of Anise (Spiritus Anisi). — From 1 to 2 drams 
(4-8 c.c). 

Anthemis. — (See Chamomile!) 

Antimony (Antimonium). — Antimony itself is not 
used in medicine. The chief preparation is tartar emetic. 

Tartar Emetic (Antimonii et Potassii Tartras ; Anti- 
mony and Potassium Tartrate). — Action and Uses. — 
Applied locally to the skin, tartar emetic is a counter- 
irritant, producing an eruption of small papules which 
soon become pustules. It is seldom used locally. In- 
ternally in small doses it is a diaphoretic and expectorant. 
In large doses it is an emetic, emesis being partly from 
local and partly from centric irritation. It is a powerful 
depressant to the circulation, even in small therapeutic 
doses lessening the force and rapidity of the pulse. 
Large doses cause great muscular relaxation, nausea, 
vomiting, purging, faintness, and reduction in the force 
of the pulse and lowered temperature. 

Dose, -^ to T ^ grain (0.0032-0.006 gm.). As an 
emetic, \ to 1 grain (0.032-0.065 gm.). 

Compound Syrup of Squill (Syrupus Scillae Com- 
positus). — It is commonly known as " Coxe's Hive 
Syrup," and is much used as a home remedy for children. 
It is an expectorant and an emetic. It should not be 
given without the sanction of a physician, as it contains 
f of a grain of tartar emetic to the ounce. 

Dose, 10 to 30 minims (0.6-1.8 c.c). As an emetic 



64 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

for a child, 30 to 60 minims (0.6-3.7 c.c). It must be 
given cautiously to children. 

Wine of Antimony (Vinum Antimonii).— Used as an 
expectorant and sedative. 

Dose, 10 to 30 minims (0.6-1.8 c.c). As an emetic, 
I to 1 ounce (15-30 c.c). 

Antimony Poisoning-. — Symptoms. — Strong metallic 
taste in mouth, a sense of burning in the throat, difficulty 
of swallowing, violent pain in stomach, followed by vom- 
iting and purging of watery material, a small rapid pulse, 
cold clammy skin, faint respirations, cramps in the calves 
of the legs, subnormal temperature, cutaneous anesthesia, 
and collapse. 

Treatment. — The patient should be put to bed and 
the foot of the bed raised. Mucilaginous drinks should 
be given freely. The antidote is tannic acid. The 
stomach-pump should be used, and the patient be allowed 
to vomit upon towels without rising. Stimulants and 
external heat are necessary to overcome the depres- 
sion. 

Antipyrin (Antipyrinum). — Action and Uses. — This 
anilin derivative occurs as a white, crystalline powder, 
odorless, and of a slightly bitter taste. Unlike acetanilid 
and phenacetin, it is freely soluble in water. Like ace- 
tanilid, it lowers temperature in febrile states, probably 
by directly acting upon the heat-regulating centers in 
the brain, relieves functional pains, like headache and 
neuralgia, and acts as an antispasmodic, being particularly 
useful in some cases of epilepsy and in whooping-cough. 
While probably slightly less poisonous than acetanilid, 
its frequent or long-continued use is very apt to be fol- 
lowed by impaired nutrition, anemia, and nervous ex- 
haustion. Even in small doses (5 grains) it occasionally 



ANTITOXINS. 6$ 

produces severe prostration and cyanosis. In some per- 
sons it induces a rash resembling that of measles. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.) in powders, in cap- 
sules, or in solution with some agreeable syrup. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — Marked cyanosis, feeble 
breathing, a weak, irregular pulse, free perspiration, sub- 
normal temperature, dilatation of the pupils, muscular 
relaxation, and collapse. 

Treatment consists in applying heat to the body and 
in using heart-stimulants. Artificial respiration and oxy- 
gen inhalations are also useful. 

Antipyrin Salicylate (Salipyrin). — This compound 
combines to some extent the antipyretic and analgesic 
properties of antipyrin with the antirheumatic properties 
of salicylic acid. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Antitoxins. — The antitoxin treatment of disease is 
based upon the fact, established by modern bacteriologic 
research, that the blood-serum of an animal which has 
been rendered artificially immune against a certain dis- 
ease, when injected into a susceptible animal, protects 
that animal from the same disease, and, moreover, in 
some instances exerts a curative influence upon the dis- 
ease already acquired. The artificial immunity of the 
animal is secured by injecting into it specific micro- 
organisms in an attenuated form or minute doses of 
virulent specific micro-organisms, or dead bacteria with 
their contained toxic principles (toxins), or the serum of 
an animal that has been previously protected from the 
disease by one of the methods just enumerated. To 
the curative principle contained in the blood-serum of 
the immunized animal the name " antitoxin " has been 
applied. 



66 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDICA FOR NURSES. 

Antitoxin of Diphtheria. — This antitoxin is obtained 
from horses which have been rendered artificially immune 
by repeated injections, extending over several weeks, of 
minute but increasing quantities of diphtheria toxin se- 
cured by filtering a culture of diphtheria bacilli in nutrient 
broth. As the micro-organisms themselves are not in- 
jected, the horse does not become infected, but gradually 
acquires a tolerance for the poison, and ultimately devel- 
ops in his blood a substance (antitoxin) having the power 
of neutralizing that poison. At the proper time the 
animal is bled and the serum is carefully separated from 
the clot, filtered, and standardized. The strength of the 
serum is measured in units, a unit containing the amount 
of antitoxin required to save the life of a guinea-pig which 
has been injected with ioo fatal doses of toxin. 

Since the introduction of the antitoxin treatment the 
mortality of diphtheria has fallen off more than 50 per 
cent. The earlier in the disease the serum is used, the 
more brilliant the results. Injected into healthy sub- 
jects it affords immunity against diphtheria, the period 
of protection, however, rarely lasting more than two or 
three weeks. 

Dose. — This varies with the age of the patient, the 
severity of the attack, and at the period of the disease 
at which treatment is instituted. The dose may be said 
to range between 2000 and 5000 units. Fortunately, 
overdoses cause no serious disturbance. To be most 
effective, antitoxin must be given hypodermically. In 
administering the remedy, the skin over the part selected 
for the injection and the syringe should be carefully ster- 
ilized. The needle may be inserted into the loose subcu- 
taneous tissue of the pectoral region, side of the abdomen, 
or interscapular space, Massage of the swelling induced 



APIOL. 6? 

by the injection is not advisable. Joint pains, cutaneous 
rashes, or a temporary rise of temperature may follow 
the treatment. 

, The preventive dose of diphtheria antitoxin is from 
300 to 500 units. 

Antitoxin of Tetanus. — This is obtained by inocu- 
lating the horse with increasing doses of tetanus toxin. 
It has not proved so successful as the antitoxin of diph- 
theria, because the toxin of tetanus is so much more 
virulent than that of diphtheria, and, moreover, because 
the diagnosis of tetanus cannot be made before the 
nerve-centers are thoroughly under the influence of 
the poison. 

The dose of the serum as an antidote is from 20 to 50 
c.c. ; in suspicious wounds as a preventive, from 5 to 10 c.c. 

Antistrepto coccus Serum. — This serum is obtained 
from the horse, the animal having received repeated in- 
jections of streptococcus cultures. It has been recom- 
mended in the treatment of various forms of septicemia, 
but its value cannot be said to have been absolutely 
demonstrated. As the strength of serum is notably 
impaired by keeping, preparations more than two or 
three weeks old should not be used. The dose of the 
serum is from 20 to 30 c.c. several times a day. 

Antipneumococcic Serum. — This serum is obtained 
from horses which have been repeatedly inoculated with 
virulent cultures of pneumococci. According to most 
observers, it has not materially lowered the mortality of 
croupous pneumonia. 

Apiol. — Action and Uses. — Apiol is an oleoresin 
obtained from garden parsley. It is used as a stimu- 
lating emmenagogue. 

Dose, 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c.) in capsules. 



68 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Full doses produce headache, giddiness, ringing in the 
ears, and mild intoxication. 

Apocynum (Canadian Hemp). — Action and Uses. — 
Apocynum is the root of a perennial plant {Apocynum 
cannabiituni) growing in North America. It has an 
action on the circulation resembling that of digitalis. 
It is an active diuretic. In large doses it causes vomit- 
ing and purging. It is sometimes used as a diuretic in 
cardiac and renal dropsy, but it is prone to disturb the 
stomach. 

Dose. — Of the fluid extract, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 
c.c). Of the decoction, 1 to 2 ounces, made by boiling 
\ ounce of the dried root in 1 pint of water. 

Apocynin, the active principle of apocynum, is said to 
be a heart-tonic. Dose, \ to 2 grains (0.032-0.13 gm.). 

Apomorphin Hydrochlorate (Apomorphinae Hy- 
drochloras). — Action and Uses. — This compound is pro- 
duced by the action of hydrochloric acid on morphin in 
the presence of intense heat. It is used as a quickly 
acting emetic and sedative expectorant. As solutions of 
the drug soon spoil and become poisonous, it should be 
freshly dissolved when required. As an emetic it is 
always administered hypodermically, and is especially 
indicated when a speedy result is necessary, when the 
patient is unable to swallow, and when the stomach is 
severely inflamed. Vomiting occurs in from five to 
twenty minutes after its injection. 

Dose. — As an emetic, -^ to \ grain (0.0065-0.013 gm.) 
for an adult, hypodermically ; it may be repeated in fifteen 
minutes. 

As an emetic for a child, -fa grain (0.0032 gm.). 

As an emetic for an infant, -^ to T V grain (0.0021- 
0.0043 g m 0- 



ARNICA FLOWERS. 69 

As an expectorant, T ^ to -^ grain (0.004-0.016 gm.), 
by the mouth. 

Arbutin (Ursin). — Action and Uses. — Arbutin is the 
active principle of uva ursi. It is used as a stimulating 
diuretic. 

Dose, 2 to 5 grains (0.13-0.3 gm.). 

Argyrol. — (See Silver') 

Aristol (Thymol Iodid). — Action and Uses. — Aristol 
is a reddish-brown powder containing about 45 per cent, 
of iodin. It is used in surgery as a substitute for iodo- 
form. It has not the disagreeable odor of iodoform, and 
its use seems to be attended with less danger of poison- 
ing. It is used in the form of fine powder or ointment, 
the strength of the latter varying from \ to 1 dram (2- 
4 gm.) to 1 ounce (30 gm.) of pure lard. 

Arnica Flowers (Arnicae Flores); Arnica Root 
(Arnicae Radix). — Action and Uses. — Arnica is a popu- 
lar rubefacient remedy for sprains, bruises, and muscular 
rheumatism. It is an irritant, and increases the circula- 
tion of the skin. In susceptible persons its application is 
occasionally followed by a severe inflammation of the 
skin. It has been used internally in rheumatism, dysen- 
tery, bronchitis, and certain nervous diseases, but it is of 
very doubtful value. The tincture is the preparation gen- 
erally preferred for external use. 

Tincture of Arnica Flowers (Tinctura Arnicae Florum). 
— From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-1.8 c.c). 

Extract of Arnica Root (Extractum Arnicae Radicis). — 
From 3 to 5 grains (0.19-0.32 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Arnica Root (Extractum Arnicae Rad- 
icis Fluidum). — From 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c). 

Tincture of Arnica Root (Tinctura Arnicae Radicis). — 
From 20 to 30 minims (1.2- 1.8 c.c). 



JO PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Arsenic. — (See Acids) 

Asafetida (Asafcetida). — Action and Uses. — Asa- 
fetida is a gum-resin obtained by incising the roots of a 
plant {Ferula foetidd) growing in Persia and neighboring 
countries. It is an antispasmodic, nerve-stimulant, car- 
minative, and stimulant expectorant. 

Dose. — From 3 to 10 grains (0.2-0.65 gm.) of the 
tincture (tinctura asafcetidae). 

Of the emulsion (emulsum asafcetidae) 4 to 8 drams 
(15-30 c.c). 

Of the pills (pilulae asafcetidae), I to 3 pills. 

Plaster (Emplastrum Asafcetidae). — Used when an anti- 
spasmodic and counterirritant action is needed. 

Enema Asafcetidce. — This acts as a carminative, laxa- 
tive, and antispasmodic, and is prepared by dissolving 30 
grains in 4 ounces of water. 

The compound enema for the relief of tympanites con- 
tains tincture of asafetida, 3 ounces (90 c.c.) ; glycerin, 
I ounce (30 c.c.) ; magnesium sulphate, 1 ounce (30 c.c.) , 
oil of turpentine, 30 minims (1.8 c.c). This is followed 
in fifteen minutes with 1 pint of warm soap-suds. 

Asclepias (Pleurisy Root). — Action and Uses. — 
Asclepias is an uncertain expectorant, diuretic, and dia- 
phoretic. In large doses it acts as a cathartic. 

Dose, 20 to 60 grains (1.3-4.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract (Extractum Asclepiadis Fluidum). — 
From 20 to 60 minims (1.2-4.0 c.c). 

Infusion (Infusum Asclepiadis). — Dose, 1 teacupful. 
The infusion is made by adding 1 ounce of the powdered 
root to 1 quart of water. 

Aspidium (Male Fern; Filix-mas). — Action and Uses. 
— Aspidium is the root-stalk of a fern {Dryopteris mar- 
ginalis) growing in temperate regions. 



BELLADONNA. J I 

It is used as a teniacide or agent for expelling tape- 
worm. Overdoses cause abdominal pain, vomiting, 
purging, spasms, coma, and collapse. Blindness is an 
early symptom in some cases of poisoning. 

Dose. — Oleoresin (Oleoresina Aspidii). — From J to I 
dram (2-4 c.c), followed by a saline purge. 

Aspirin (Acetyl-salicylic Acid). — This compound is 
said to pass through the stomach unchanged and to 
liberate free salicylic acid in the bowel. It is recom- 
mended as a substitute for sodium salicylate in rheuma- 
tism, being less disagreeable to the taste than the latter 
and less prone to disturb the stomach. 

Dose, 10 to 15 grains (0.65-1.0 gm.). 

Atropin. — (See Belladonna}) 

Balsam of Peru (Balsamum Peruvianum). — Action 
and Uses. — Balsam of Peru is used externally as an 
antiseptic application in bed-sores and indolent ulcers. 
Internally it is used as a stimulant expectorant in chronic 
bronchitis. 

Dose, 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Balsam of Tolll (Balsamum Tolutanum). — Action 
and Uses. — Balsam of tolu is used for the same pur- 
poses as the balsam of Peru. On account of its agree- 
able flavor it is often used as a flavoring vehicle in cough- 
mixtures. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Syrup of Tolu (Syrupus Tolutanus). — From 1 to 4 
drams (4-15 c.c). 

Tincture of Tolu (Tinctura Tolutana). — From \ to I 
dram (2-4 c.c). 

Basham^ Mixture. — (See Iron) 

Belladonna (Deadly Nightshade). — Belladonna is the 
leaves and root of a bushy plant (Atropa belladonna) 



J 2 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDICA FOR NURSES. 

growing in the woods of temperate regions. It owes 
its activity to the alkaloid — atropin. 

Action and Uses. — In moderate doses atropin lessens 
the secretion of the skin and mucous membranes, stimu- 
lates the respiration and circulation, increases intestinal 
peristalsis, and probably depresses involuntary muscles. 
Applied locally to the eye or taken internally in large 
doses it also dilates the pupil and paralyzes the power of 
the eye to accommodate for distance. 

Poisoning 1 . — Overdoses of belladonna or of atropin 
cause dryness of the throat, dilatation of the pupils, 
acceleration of the pulse and respiration, talkative de- 
lirium, a bright-red rash somewhat resembling that of 
scarlet fever, and, finally, stupor, paralysis of respiration, 
and collapse. 

Treatment of Poisoning. — Belladonna-poisoning is to 
be treated by administering the chemic antidote, tannic 
acid, by the application of external heat to all parts of 
the body, and by the use of stimulants when the symp- 
toms of collapse appear. The bowels and bladder should 
be emptied in order to prevent the reabsorption of the 
drug. 

Belladonna or atropin is used to check excessive secre- 
tion, as in night-sweats and salivation, to relax local 
spasms, as in asthma, whooping-cough, and renal or 
biliary colic ; to stimulate the circulation, as in shock or 
collapse ; to stimulate the respiration, as in opium- 
poisoning ; to increase peristalsis, as in atonic constipa- 
tion ; to dilate the pupil, as in inflammation of the iris ; 
to paralyze the accommodative power of the eye, as in 
refraction work ; and in the form of liniment, ointment, 
or plaster, to allay local irritation, as in muscular rheu- 
matism. 



BENZOIN, 73 

Preparations and Doses. — Atropin Sulphate (Atropinas 
Sulphas). — From yj-^ to -fa grain (0.00043-0.0013 gm.). 

Tincture of Belladonna (Tinctura Belladonnas). — From 
5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Bellado?ina (Extractum Belladonnas 
Fluidum).— From 1 to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c.). 

Extract of Belladonna (Extractum Belladonnas). — From 
\ to \ grain (0.008-0.016 gm.). 

Belladonna Ointment (Unguentum Belladonnas). — Used 
externally. 

Belladonna Plaster (Emplastrum Belladonnas). 

Belladonna Liniment (Linimentum Belladonnas). 

Benzoin (Benzoinum). — Benzoin is a balsamic resin 
obtained from a large tree [Sty rax benzoin) growing in 
Java and the neighboring islands. 

Action and Uses. — The action of the drug is due to 
the benzoic acid which it contains. Benzoin and its com- 
pounds are used internally as antiseptics, stimulant ex- 
pectorants, and diuretics. 

Locally, in concentrated form, it is an irritant to the 
mucous membrane of the fauces and nasal passages, and 
when inhaled, it produces coughing and sneezing. The 
compound tincture of benzoin is used as a stimulant and 
healing application to fresh wounds. A few drops of 
the tincture added to bathing-water serve to cleanse the 
skin and give a pleasant feeling of freshness by stimu- 
lating its action. 

Preparations and Doses. — Benzoic Acid (Acidum 
Benzoicum). — From 10 to 40 grains (0.65-2.59 gm.). 
Locally, it acts as an antiseptic and stimulant. When 
taken internally, it is eliminated by the kidneys as hip- 
puric acid, and in consequence it is much used in chronic 
inflammation of the bladder with alkaline urine. 



74 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Tincture of Benzoin (Tinctura Benzoini). — From 10 to 
30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Compound Tincture of Benzoin (Tinctura Benzoini 
Composita; Friar's Balsam). — From 30 to 60 minims 
(2-4 c.c). 

Benzoate of Ammonium (Ammonii Benzoas). — A stimu- 
lant, expectorant, and diuretic. Dose, 10 to 20 grains 
(0.6-1.3 gm.). 

Benzoate of Lithium (Lithii Benzoas). — From 10 to 30 
grains (0.6-2.0 gm.). 

Benzoate of Sodium (Sodii Benzoas). — Action and 
Uses. — The sodium and lithium benzoates are sometimes 
used as substitutes for the salicylates in various rheu- 
matic affections. Dose, 10 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Betol (Naphthalol; Naphthosalol). — Betol is closely 
allied to salol, but is less powerful. In the intestines it 
is decomposed into naphthol and salicylic acid. It is 
used as an intestinal antiseptic. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.) in pill form or in 
powder. 

Bismuth (Bismuthum). — Metallic bismuth is inert. 
The action of the insoluble salts, when given internally 
in medicinal doses, is that of a sedative and astringent to 
the mucous membranes of the alimentary canal, a mild 
antacid, and a feeble antiseptic. They impart to the 
stools a black or dark-gray color. Bismuth salts are 
valuable remedies in acute and chronic inflammation of 
the stomach, in gastric ulcer, in obstinate vomiting from 
irritation of the stomach, and in acute and subacute 
diarrhea. 

Locally, the salts of bismuth have an antiseptic, seda- 
tive, and astringent action, and are used in the form of 
an ointment, lotion, or powder. While the insoluble salts 



BISMUTH. 75 

of bismuth, such as the subnitrate and subcarbonate, have 
little, if any, toxic power, even in very large doses, when 
taken by the mouth, their external application to raw 
surfaces is not unattended with the danger of poisoning, 
especially when the area treated is large. 

Preparations and Doses. — Bismuth Subnitrate (Bis- 
muthi Subnitras). — Action and Uses. — Bismuth subnitrate 
is the commonly prescribed salt of bismuth. It appears 
as a heavy white powder, odorless and tasteless, and in- 
soluble in w^ater. It is used externally as an antiseptic 
dusting-powder, and internally as an astringent, sedative, 
and antiseptic in inflammatory affections of the stomach 
and intestines. It imparts a garlicky odor to the breath, 
and makes the stools black. Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6- 
2.0 gm.), in powder dry on the tongue, or stirred up in 
water or milk. 

Bismuth Subcarbonate (Bismuthi Subcarbonas). — Action 
a?id Uses. — It appears as a heavy white powder, tasteless 
and odorless, and insoluble in water. It is used for the 
same purposes and is given in the same doses as the 
subnitrate. 

Bismuth Subgallate (Bismuthi Subgallas ; Dermatol). — 
Bismuth subgallate, or dermatol, as it is more commonly 
called, is used externally as a substitute for iodoform. It 
is antiseptic, sedative, and astringent. It is also given inter- 
nally as a substitute for bismuth subnitrate. Dose, 5 to 
20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Bismuth Salicylate (Bismuthi Salicylas). — Intestinal 
antiseptic. Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.), given in 
powder or capsule. Insoluble in water or alcohol. 

Bismuth Oxid (Bismuthi Oxidum). — Sedative and as- 
tringent. It is occasionally used in intestinal disorders. 
Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 gm.). 



y6 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Bismuth Subiodid (Bismuthi Subiodidum). — Used ex- 
ternally as an antiseptic and stimulant. 

Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate (Bismuthi et Am- 
monii Citras). — This preparation is soluble, and being 
more irritant than the insoluble subnitrate and subcar- 
bonate, is of less value. Dose, 2 to 5 grains (0.13-0.32 
gm.). 

Blaud's Pill.— (See Iron.) 

Blue -mass. — (See Mercury) 

Borax ; Biborate of Sodium (Sodii Boras). — Action 
and Uses. — Borax is a mild antacid and a feeble anti- 
septic. It is used as an antiseptic mouth-wash and as a 
dusting-powder in various cutaneous irritations. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). (See also Boric 
Acid) 

Bromids. — The chief bromid preparations are the 
bromids of potassium, ammonium, sodium, strontium, 
lithium, and calcium, hydrobromic acid, and bromipin. 

Potassium Bromid (Potassii Bromidum). — Potassium 
bromid is the bromid most commonly prescribed. Its 
chief action is on the nervous system. It depresses 
the brain, spinal cord, and to some extent the peripheral 
nerves. In large doses it depresses, also, the circulation. 
Long use of the remedy is followed by a group of symp- 
toms termed bromism — fetor of breath, acne rash, mental 
dulness, muscular weakness, and anemia. Fowler's solu- 
tion or some other preparation of arsenic is often given 
with the bromids to prevent the development of acne. 
Bromids are employed to induce sleep, to check con- 
vulsions, as in epilepsy and tetanus, and to allay ner- 
vous excitement. Dose, 10 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Ammonium Bromid (Ammonii Bromidum). — Use. — 
This salt has the same action as that of potassium bromid, 



BROMOFORM. ^ 

but is somewhat less depressing to the circulation. Dose, 
10 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Sodium Bromid (Sodii Bromidum). — Use. — The 
sodium bromid is used for the same purposes as the 
corresponding salt of potassium ; it is, however, less 
depressing to the circulation and less irritating to the 
stomach. Dose, 10 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Strontium Bromid (Strontii Bromidum). — Use. — 
Strontium bromid is used for the same purposes as the 
corresponding salt of potassium, but it is less active, less 
depressing, and less apt to produce acne. Dose, 15 to 60 
grains (1-4 gm.). 

Lithium Bromid (Lithii Bromidum). — Use. — This salt 
is the therapeutic equivalent of sodium bromid. Dose, 10 
to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.) 

Calcium Bromid (Calcii Bromidum). — Use. — The 
action of the salt is similar to that of potassium bromid, 
but it is less irritating and depressing. Dose, 10 to 60 
grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Hydrobromic Acid, Dilute (Acidum Hydrobromicum 
Dilutum). — Use. — The action of the drug is similar to 
that of the bromids, but distinctly less powerful. Dose, 
I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Bromipin. — This is a combination of bromin (10 per 
cent.) and an indifferent oil (oil of sesame). It has the 
same action as the bromids, but is claimed to be less 
liable to cause disturbances of digestion. Dose, { to 1 
dram (2-4 c.c). 

Bromoform. — This is a colorless, volatile liquid, hav- 
ing a pleasant odor and a sweetish taste. It should be 
carefully protected from light and air, and should be 
rejected if not free from color. While bromoform has 
anesthetic properties somewhat resembling those of 



78 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

chloroform, it is chiefly used as an antispasmodic in 
whooping-cough. 

Poisoning-. — Toxic doses produce cyanosis, difficult 
breathing, a rapid, feeble pulse, coma, and collapse. 

Treatment consists in evacuating the stomach, apply- 
ing external heat, practising artificial respiration, and 
administering cardiac and respiratory stimulants. 

Dose, I to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). A minim is equal 
to about six drops. The drug may be given on sugar. 
Mixtures containing bromoform should be thoroughly 
shaken before each administration. Many cases of poi- 
soning have resulted from a neglect of this precaution. 
The bromoform being very heavy, tends to fall to the 
bottom of the bottle, and unless this tendency is over- 
come by shaking, the last doses may contain much more 
of the drug than was intended. 

Bromin (Bromum). — Action and Uses. — Bromin 
appears as a dark-red volatile liquid. Its taste is caustic 
and disagreeable. It is sometimes employed undiluted 
as a powerful caustic and in weak solutions as a deodorant. 
Its fumes are highly irritating to the respiratory tract. 

Bnicin. — Action and Uses. — Brucin is one of the 
alkaloids of nux vomica. It is said to represent but one- 
twelfth of the strength of nux vomica. Its physiologic 
action is similar to, but much less powerful than, strych- 
nin. It is used in the same conditions as strychnin. 

Dose, y 1 ^ to \ grain (0.005-0.03 gm.). 

Bryonia (Bryony). — Action and Uses. — Bryonia is 
the root of a European perennial plant, Bryonia alba. It 
is an irritant to the skin and to mucous and serous mem- 
branes. In large doses it is a hydragogue cathartic 
and emetic. It is used in various inflammatory chest 
affections, rheumatism, and atonic dyspepsia. 



CACTUS GRANDIFLORUS. 79 

Dose. — Tincture of Bryonia (Tinctura Bryonia^). — From 
10 minims to 2 drams (0.6-7.5 c.c). 

Buchu. — Action and Uses. — Buchu is the leaf of 
several species of Barosma, a South African shrub. It 
is chiefly used as a stimulating diuretic in inflammatory 
diseases of the kidney and bladder. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Buchu (Extractum Buchu 
Fluidum). — From \ to I dram (1.8-3.7 c - c -)> well diluted. 

Infusion > made by adding 1 ounce of the leaves to 1 
pint of water, 1 to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c). 

Burgundy Pitch.— (See Pitch) 

Butyl-chloral Hydrate. — (See Chloral) Like 
chloral, this drug is a nerve-sedative and hypnotic. It 
is chiefly used in the treatment of facial neuralgia. 

Dose, 1 to 10 grains (0.065-0.6 gm.), generally given 
in pill, capsule, or aromatic elixir, after meals. It is too 
irritating to use hypodermically. 

Cacao-butter (Oleum Theobromatis ; Oil of Theo- 
broma). — This is a fixed oil obtained from the seed of the 
chocolate tree (Theobroma cacao) growing in tropical 
countries. It is a yellowish solid, of the consistence of 
tallow, with an agreeable odor and a chocolate-like taste, 
and melting at about 90 F. It does not become rancid 
upon exposure. It is used as a basis for suppositories, 
and as a bland, unirritating application to the skin. 

Cactus Grandiflorus (Night-blooming Cereus). — 
Action and Uses. — Cactus is a heart-stimulant, some- 
times used as a substitute for digitalis. It has no cumu- 
lative action. 

Dose. — Tincture of Cactus (Tinctura Cacti Grandiflori). 
— From 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Cactus (Extractum Cacti Fluidi). — 
From 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c). 



80 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDICA FOR NURSES. 

Caffea (Coffee). — Action and Uses. — Coffee is a diu- 
retic, a heart-stimulant, a respiratory stimulant, and a 
brain stimulant. Strong black coffee is valuable in the 
treatment of opium-poisoning, as it helps to keep the 
patient awake and stimulates the respiratory center. It 
is also used to counteract exhaustion following long men- 
tal or physical exertion. 

Taken in excess, coffee causes dyspepsia, nervousness, 
wakefulness, muscular tremors, and palpitation of the 
heart. Coffee owes its activity to its alkaloid, caffein, 
which is identical with thein, the alkaloid of tea. 

Caffein. — As a heart-stimulant caffein resembles digi- 
talis in its action, but it is more prompt and has no cumu- 
lative action. It is also a respiratory stimulant, a cerebral 
stimulant, and a diuretic. It is a useful remedy in various 
forms of heart-failure, in opium-poisoning, in dropsy, and 
in certain forms of headache. 

Poisoning' by caffein is very rare. The symptoms, 
which appear rapidly, are vertigo, faintness, muscular 
weakness, anesthesia, coldness of the extremities, pain 
in the stomach, increased diuresis, rise of temperature, 
rapid respiration and pulse, tonic and clonic convulsions, 
and collapse. The antidotes are opium and digitalis to 
stimulate the heart and relieve the nervous symptoms. 

Dose. — Caffein (Caffeina). — From I to 5 grains (0.06- 
0.3 gm.), in powder, capsule, or pill. 

Citrated Caffein (Caffeina Citrata). — From 1 to 5 grains 
(0.06-0.3 gm.). 

Effervescent Citrated Caffein. — From I to 2 drams 
(4-8 gm.). 

Benzoate of sodium and caffein is much preferred for 
hypodermic use on account of its solubility and freedom 
from irritating properties. 



CALCIUM. 8 1 

Calabar Bean. — (See Physostigma) 

Calamus (Sweet Flag). — Action and Uses. — Calamus 
is a stomachic and an aromatic bitter, increasing the appe- 
tite and stimulating digestion. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Calamus (Extractum Calami Fluidum). 
— From 5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 

Infusion of Calamus. — Made in the proportion of 1 
ounce (30 c.c.) of the root to 1 pint (480 c.c.) of boiling 
water, 1 wineglassful. 

Calcium. — Preparations of Calcium. — The chief 
preparations of calcium are the carbonate, chlorid, hypo- 
phosphite, phosphate, and oxid. 

Calcium Carbonate. — This is a fine white powder, 
odorless, tasteless, and insoluble in water and alcohol. It 
is used internally as an astringent, as an antacid, and as 
an antidote in mineral- and oxalic-acid poisoning, and ex- 
ternally as a protective dusting-powder. 

Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (Calcii Carbonas Pras- 
cipitatus). — This is a useful astringent in acute diar- 
rhea. Externally it is employed as a dusting-powder in 
chapped skin. It is also the chief ingredient in most 
tooth-powders. Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 gm.). 

Prepared Chalk (Creta Praeparata). — This preparation 
is much used as an astringent and antacid in diarrhea. 
Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 gm.). 

Compound Chalk Powder (Pulvis Cretse Compositus). 
— This is a mixture of chalk, gum arabic, and sugar. It 
is useful in diarrhea. Dose, 10 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Chalk Mixture (Mistura Cretae). — This is a mixture of 
compound chalk powder and cinnamon water. Dose, 
1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Calcium Chlorid (Calcii Chloridum). — This is a white, 



82 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

odorless substance, with a saline taste, and freely solu- 
ble in water. It is used as an alterative in scrofulous 
enlargement of the glands and in various forms of obsti- 
nate bleeding to render the blood more coagulable. It 
must be distinguished from the so-called chlorid of lime, 
which is in reality chlorinated lime. Dose, 2 to 5 grains 
(0.13-0.3 gm.). 

Calcium Hypophosphite (Calcii Hypophosphis). — 
This is a white, crystalline, soluble powder, with an 
unpleasant, bitter taste. It is used as a general tonic in 
phthisis, rickets, nervous exhaustion, and anemia. Dose, 
5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Syrup of Hypophosphites (Syrupus Hypophosphitum). 
— This is a syrup of the hypophosphites of lime, sodium, 
and potassium. It is used as a general tonic. Dose, I to 
4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Calcium Phosphate (Calcii Phosphas). — This is a 
white, odorless, tasteless powder, obtained from bone. It 
is used as a general tonic in conditions of impaired nutri- 
tion, as in phthisis, rickets, etc. Dose, 5 to 30 grains 
(0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Syrup of Calcium Lactophosphate (Syrupus Calcii Lac- 
tophosphatis). — This is a syrup of a double salt of cal- 
cium produced by the action of lactic and phosphoric 
acids on calcium carbonate. It is used as a general 
tonic. Dose, I to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Calcium Oxid (Lime; Unslaked Lime; Calx). — Un- 
slaked lime is an excellent disinfectant for stools and col- 
lections of putrefying organic matter. Locally, it is an 
active caustic. In combination with caustic soda it con- 
stitutes " London Paste," and in combination with caustic 
potash, " Vienna Paste/' 

Lime-water (Liquor Calcis ; Solution of Lime). — This 



CALUMBA. 83 

is used internally as an antacid, astringent, and gastric 
sedative. Lime-water is added to milk partly to neutral- 
ize the acid of the stomach and to prevent the milk from 
forming hard, indigestible lumps in the stomach. Lime- 
water is one of the most common remedies for checking 
nausea and vomiting. It is an antidote in acid-poisoning. 
Externally it is used as an alkaline application in burns ? 
scalds, and in some skin-diseases. A spray of lime-water 
is used in inflammatory throat affections to remove viscid 
mucus and false membrane. Dose, 1 to 8 drams (4- 
30 c.c). It may be made by adding 2 ounces of un- 
slaked lime to I gallon of water for two or three minutes. 
After standing about twelve hours, the clear solution may 
be drawn off and poured into a well-stoppered bottle. 

Carron Oil (Linimentum Calcis). — Equal parts of olive 
or linseed oil and lime-water. It is used as a dressing 
for burns. 

Chlorinated Lime (Calx Chlorata). — This is made by 
passing chlorin gas over slaked lime. It contains about 
35 per cent, of chlorin. It is used as a disinfectant and 
deodorizer, in solution usually of the strength of 1 pound 
to 2 gallons of water. 

Sulphurated Lime (Calx Sulphurata). — This is used 
internally in certain pustular skin-diseases, and exter- 
nally as a depilatory. Dose, ■£$ to £ grain (0.006- 
0.013 gm.). 

Calomel. — (See Mercury.) 

Calumba (Columbo). — Action and Uses. — Calumba 
is the dried root of a climbing plant {Jateorhiza palmatd) 
growing in eastern Africa. It is a bitter tonic, increasing 
the appetite and promoting digestion. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Calumba (Extractum Calumbse 
Fluidum). — From 5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 



84 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

Tincture of Calumba (Tinctura Calumbae). — From \ to 
2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Camphor (Camphora). — Action and Uses. — Cam- 
phor is a gum obtained from the Cinnamomum Cam- 
phor a y growing in China and Japan. It is used internally 
as a nervous sedative, carminative, antispasmodic, and 
stimulant. Externally it is used as a stimulating appli- 
cation in rheumatism, sprains, and neuralgia. A solution 
of I part of camphor to 10 parts of olive oil is used 
hypodermically, with excellent effect, as a heart-stimu- 
lant. 

Large doses of camphor cause giddiness, faintness, 
burning in the stomach, cold, clammy skin, feeble pulse, 
convulsions, and unconsciousness. The treatment of 
poisoning consists in the use of stimulants and the 
external application of heat. 

Dose, 2 to 5 grains (0.13-0.3 gm.). 

Camphor-water (Aqua Camphorae). — From I to 4 
drams (4-15 c.c). 

Spirit of Camphor (Spiritus Camphorae). — From 5 to 
30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 

Camphorated Tincture of Opium or Paregoric (Tinctura 
Opii Camphorata). — From \ to 4 drams (2-15 c.c). 

Camphor Cerate (Ceratum Camphorae). — For local use. 

Camphor Liniment (Linimentum Camphorae). — For 
external use. 

Soap Liniment (Linimentum Saponis). — For external 
use. 

Monobromated Camphor (Camphora Monobromata). — 
A hypnotic and nervous sedative. It resembles the 
bromids in its action, but is not identical with them. 
Toxic doses produce epileptiform convulsions. Dose, 1 
to 5 grains (0.065-0.3 gm.). 



CANTHARIS. 85 

Cannabis Indica (Indian Cannabis ; Indian Hemp). 
— Action and Uses. — Cannabis indica is the flowering 
tops of an herb {Cannabis sativd) growing in the East 
Indies. It is a nerve-sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic, 
and narcotic. 

Full medicinal doses first stimulate, then depress, the 
heart and blood-vessels, and produce a feeling of exhila- 
ration, with pleasing ideas and hallucinations. There is 
also disordered consciousness of personality, time, and 
locality, followed by a sense of weight in the extremities, 
loss of muscular power, cutaneous anesthesia, and sleep. 
The pupils are dilated. The respirations may be slow or 
quickened. The urine is increased. The after-effects of 
opium — nausea, headache, etc. — are not present. No 
fatal case of poisoning from its use is recorded. 

Dose. — Extract of Cannabis Indica (Extractum Canna- 
bis Indies). — From \ to \ grain (0.016-0.032 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Cannabis Indica (Extractum Cannabis 
Indicae Fluidum). — From 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 ex.). 

Tincture of Cannabis Indica (Tinctura Cannabis In- 
dicae). — From 5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 ex.). 

Cantharis (Cantharides ; Spanish Flies). — This is the 
dried body of a beetle {Cantharis vesicatoria) found in 
southern Europe. 

Action and Uses. — Applied externally, cantharis is a 
rubefacient and vesicant ; internally it is a powerful stimu- 
lant to the kidneys. 

Dose. — Tincture of Cantharides (Tinctura Cantharidis). 
— From I to 10 minims (0.06-0.6 ex.). 

Cantharidal Collodion (Collodium Cantharidatum). — 
Used externally. 

Cerate of Cantharides (Ceratum Cantharidis). — Used 
externally. 



86 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Warming Plaster (Pitch Plaster with Cantharides ; 
Emplastrum Picis Cantharidatum). — Used externally. 

A blister is raised with cantharidal cerate, collodion, or 
plaster. The part must be washed, shaved if necessary, 
and wiped perfectly dry ; the plaster is cut the desired 
size and shape and applied. If the cerate is used, it 
should be spread on a piece of cotton cloth and kept 
in place with a bandage. If adhesive plaster is used to 
keep either of these plasters in place, there will be no 
room for the blister to rise and it will cause severe pain. 
Before applying the cantharidal collodion the parts to 
be blistered should first be outlined with vaselin or oil, 
which will prevent spreading of the blistering solution. 
The collodion, which is painted on with a swab or a 
brush, first causes an itching sensation, and patients 
should be told of this to guard against scratching. The 
action of cantharides must be closely watched. It is a 
powerful irritant, and, when absorbed, affects the kidneys 
and may cause painful urination or suppression of urine. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — Burning pain in the throat, 
stomach, and abdomen ; vomiting (if the powder has 
been taken, the vomited matter will contain green specks) ; 
thirst ; scanty bloody urine ; bloody movements ; a weak, 
rapid pulse ; rapid respiration ; convulsions ; delirium and 
death. 

The treatment consists in evacuating the stomach and 
in administering demulcent drinks. No oils should be 
given, as they aid absorption. Stimulants and opium 
may be required. 

Capsicum (Cayenne Pepper ; African Pepper). — Ac- 
tion and Uses. — Internally, capsicum is used as a car- 
minative and stomachic in atonic dyspepsia, acute alco- 
holism, and flatulent colic. In acute alcoholism capsicum 



CARUM. 87 

quiets the nervous disturbance that arises from the con- 
dition of the stomach. Administered on a crumb of 
bread or in egg-nog, it quiets the aching distress at the 
epigastrium, and so tends to take the place of alcohol, 
and secondarily to induce quiet and sleep. Externally, it 
is a counterirritant and stimulant to the skin. In sore 
throat and tonsillitis a mixture of equal parts of glycerin 
and tincture of capsicum is an efficient local application. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Capsicum (Extractum Cap- 
sici Fluidum). — From I to 3 minims (0.06-0.18 c.c). 

Oleoresin of Capsicum (Oleoresina Capsici). — One minim 
(0.06 c.c). 

Tincture of Capsicum (Tinctura Capsici). — From 10 to 
30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Capsicum Plaster (Emplastrum Capsici). — Used exter- 
nally. 

Cardamom (Cardamomum). — Action and Uses. — 
Cardamom is the fruit of an herb (Elletaria repens) grow- 
ing in India. It is used as a carminative in flatulent dys- 
pepsia, and as an agreeable flavoring agent. 

Dose. — Tincture of Cardamom (Tinctura Cardamomi). 
— From I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Compound Tincture of Cardamom (Tinctura Cardamomi 
Composita). — From I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Aromatic Powder (Pulvis Aromaticus). — From 5 to 30 
grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Caroid. — (See Papayotin*) 

Canim (Caraway). — Action and Uses. — Caraway is 
the fruit of an herb {Carum carvi) grown largely in Asia. 
It is a carminative and stomachic. It is frequently com- 
bined with cathartics to lessen griping. It is also used 
as a flavoring agent. 

Dose, 1 to 10 grains (0.065-0.6 gm.). 



88 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

Oil of Caraway (Oleum Can). — From I to 5 minims 
(0.06-0.3 c.c.). 

Cascara Sagrada (Rhamnus Purshiana). — Action 
and Uses. — Cascara sagrada is the bark of a small tree 
{Rhamnus purshiana) growing on the western coast of 
North America. It is largely employed as a tonic laxa- 
tive in chronic constipation. Unlike most cathartics, it 
does not readily lose its effect by frequent use. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada (Extractum 
Rhamni Purshianae Fluidum). — From 10 to 30 minims 
(0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Extract of Cascara Sagrada (Extractum Rhamni Pur- 
shianae). — From 1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.). 

Cascarilla. — Action and Uses. — Cascarilla is the 
bark of a shrub (Croton eleuterid) growing in the Bahama 
Islands. It is employed chiefly as a bitter tonic and 
stomachic. 

Dose. — Tincture of Cascarilla (Tinctura Cascarillae). — 
From \ to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Cascarilla (Extractum Cascarillae 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Infusion of Cascarilla (Infusum Cascarillae). — From } 
to 2 ounces (15-60 c.c). 

Extract of Cascarilla (Extractum Cascarillae). — From 
5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 gm.). 

Castor Oil (Oleum Ricini). — This is a fixed oil ex- 
pressed from the seed of a plant (Ricinus communis) 
growing in India and most warm climates. 

Action and Uses. — In small doses castor oil is a mild 
laxative ; in large doses it is a simple purgative, pro- 
ducing semiliquid stools within four or five hours of its 
administration. Catharsis is produced by stimulation of 
the muscular coat of the bowel. The oil is absorbed and 



CHALK. 89 

is excreted in nearly all the secretions, including the 
milk, to which it imparts, when given to nursing women, 
a laxative quality. The seeds, being intensely poisonous, 
are not used in medicine. 

Dose, 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). It may be given in 
flexible capsules, in emulsion, or with equal parts of 
glycerin or lemon-juice and flavored with some aromatic 
oil, like that of wintergreen. 

A poultice of the leaves of the castor-oil plant is some- 
times applied to the breast to stimulate the secretion of 
milk. 

Catechu. — Action and Uses. — Catechu is an extract 
obtained from a small tree {Acacia catechu) growing in 
India. It owes its medicinal properties to tannic acid. 
It is employed as an astringent in diarrhea after the 
bowel has been thoroughly cleansed of irritant matter by 
castor oil or calomel. 

Dose. — Compound Tincture of Catechu (Tinctura Cate- 
chu Composita). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Troches of Catechu (Trochisci Catechu). — One as re- 
quired. 

Cerium Oxalate (Cerii Oxalas).— This is a white, 
insoluble powder, free from odor and taste. It is em- 
ployed as an antiemetic, especially in the vomiting of 
pregnancy. 

Dose, 2 to 5 grains (0.12-0.3 g m m powder or pill. 

Cetaceum.— (See Spermaceti) 

Cetraria (Iceland Moss).— Action and Uses.— Ce- 
traria is used chiefly as a demulcent. It has slight nutri- 
tive and tonic properties. 

Dose. — Decoction of Cetraria (Decoctum Cetrariae). — 
From 2 to 4 ounces (60-120 c.c). 

Chalk. — (See Calcium Carbonate') 



90 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Chamomile (Anthemis). — Action and Uses. — 
Chamomile is the flower-heads of a perennial plant (An- 
themis nobilis) cultivated in western Europe. Internally 
it is a mild tonic, carminative, and bitter stomachic. Large 
doses of the infusion act as a mild emetic. Externally 
it is used in fomentations to relieve inflammatory pain 
and colic. 

Dose, J to I dram (2-4 gm.). 

Extract of Chamomile (Extractum Anthemidis). — From 
2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.6 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Chamomile (Extractum Anthemidis 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 60 minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Infusion of Chamomile (Infusum Anthemidis). — Usu- 
ally of the strength of 4 drams to a pint of water — 1 to 
2 ounces (30-60 c.c). 

Chamomile Oil (Oleum Anthemidis). — From I to 3 
minims on sugar (0.06-0.18 c.c). 

Charcoal (Carbo Lignii ; Wood Charcoal). — Action 
and Uses. — Externally charcoal is a disinfectant, deodor- 
ant, and absorbent, and as such is used in the dressing of 
foul wounds. Internally it is used as an absorbent in 
flatulent dyspepsia. 

Dose, 5 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Charcoal Poultice. — A charcoal poultice, which is a 
very dirty poultice to prepare, is generally made with 
one part of charcoal and two parts of flaxseed meal, 
mixed and made in the usual way, a little additional 
charcoal being sprinkled over the surface of the poultice 
before applying. This poultice, which is ordered for 
wounds which have an offensive discharge, acts as a 
deodorant by absorbing the odor and promoting a healthy 
condition. Another method of making this poultice is 
to add \ ounce of charcoal to 4 ounces of flaxseed meal 



CHLORAL. 91 

and bread-crumbs, mixing all together and making the 
application in the ordinary way. 

Chenopodium (American Wormseed). — This is the 
fruit of a perennial herb (Chenopodium ambrosioides), 
growing in South America. It is used solely as an an- 
thelmintic for the expulsion of round-worms. 

Dose, 20 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 gm.). 

Oil of Chenopodium (Oleum Chenopodii). — From 5 to 
10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c.) on sugar or in emulsion. 

Chimaphila (Pipsissewa). — Action and Uses. — 
Chimaphila is the leaves of a perennial (Chimaphila um- 
bellatd), growing in all temperate regions. It stimulates 
the mucous membrane of the urinary passages, renders 
the urine slightly antiseptic, and increases the secretion 
of urine. It is especially employed in subacute and 
chronic inflammations of the bladder. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Chimaphila (Extractum 
Chimaphilae Fluidum). — From \ to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Chiretta (Chirata). — Action and Uses. — Chiretta is 
the entire plant of Swertia chirata, growing in the moun- 
tains of India. It is a bitter tonic, free from astringent 
properties. It is also supposed to stimulate the flow of 
bile. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Chiretta (Extractum Chiratae 
Fluid). — From \ to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Tincture of Chiretta (Tinctura Chiratae). — From 1 to 4 
drams (4-15 c.c). 

Chloral (Chloral Hydrate). — Action and Uses. — This 
is a product of the action of chlorin gas on alcohol. It 
is a soluble, colorless, crystalline substance, having a 
bitter, caustic taste. Chloral is a pure hypnotic and anti- 
spasmodic It is much used to relieve insomnia the 
result of nervous excitement, and to control convulsions 



92 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

of an acute character, such as those of tetanus, uremia, 
and strychnin poisoning. It is not an anodyne, and will 
not produce sleep when pain is the cause of wakefulness. 
It is a marked depressant to the heart and the nervous 
system, and should be used with caution. The sleep of 
chloral resembles natural sleep, and is not followed by 
unpleasant after-effects, such as nausea and headache, 
which generally follow the use of opium. 

During sleep the pupils are slightly contracted, the 
respirations are regular and quiet, and the pulse is 
slowed. In some patients chloral may cause, instead of 
sleep, insomnia, headache, and delirium. The danger of 
chloral is paralysis of the heart, which may occur with- 
out warning. The dose, which varies according to sus- 
ceptibility and the presence or absence of organic disease, 
is from 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Poisoning*. — Symptoms. — Profound coma, slow, thready 
pulse, complete muscular relaxation, labored respirations, 
a cold, clammy skin, and dilated pupils. 

Treatment consists in the use of heart-stimulants, heat 
to all parts of the body, and mustard paste over the 
heart. 

Chloralamid.— This is a colorless, crystalline sub- 
stance, having a bitter taste. It is freely soluble in 
alcohol, but rather sparingly soluble in water. Its chief 
action is on the brain, which it depresses, producing 
sleep. It is employed as a hypnotic in insomnia from 
various causes. While it is not so depressing to the 
heart and respiration as chloral, it is not quite so certain 
in its hypnotic action as the latter. 

Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 gm.) in aromatic elixir 
or in a copious draft of water. It should not be given in 
hot liquids, as they decompose it. 



CHL0R1N. 93 

Chloral Camphor. — This is a syrupy liquid made 
by rubbing together equal parts of chloral and camphor. 
It is used externally as an anodyne in neuralgia. 

Chloralose. — This compound is produced by heating 
together chloral and glucose. It is a colorless, crystal- 
line substance, of a disagreeable bitter taste, freely soluble 
in hot liquids, and but slightly so in cold water. Its 
chief action is on the brain, which it depresses, producing 
sleep. Its uncertain action is an important drawback to 
its usefulness in insomnia. Not infrequently it causes 
excitement instead of sleep. 

Dose, 5 to 8 grains (0.3-0.5 gm.), in cachets or cap- 
sules, followed by hot tea or milk. 

Chlorin. — Chlorin is a heavy, yellowish-green gas, 
having a suffocating odor and a caustic taste. It may be 
prepared by adding an acid to chlorinated lime. Inhaled 
in concentrated form, it excites severe inflammation of 
the respiratory tract. Chlorin is an active deodorizer 
and germicide, but its irritant and destructive properties 
make it unsuitable for the disinfection of rooms. 

Preparations. — Chlorin Water (Aqua Chlori). — This 
has been used both externally and internally as an anti- 
septic. Being more unstable than chlorinated lime, it is 
less reliable than the latter for disinfecting stools and 
other discharges. Dose, J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Solution of Chlorinated Soda (Liquor Sodae Chloratae ; 
Labarraque's Solution). — This is a colorless solution 
with a feeble odor and taste of chlorin. It is used 
for the same purposes as chlorin water. It is some- 
times employed as a mouth- wash or gargle in sore 
throat with offensive secretion. Dose, 10 to 30 minims 
(0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Chlorinated Lime. — (See Lime) 



94 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Chlorate of Potassium (Potassii Chloras).— This 
salt occurs in colorless crystals, odorless, and of a saline 
taste. It is soluble in water. It is used as a stimulant 
to inflamed mucous membranes. 

As a mouth-wash and gargle for sore throat, chlorate 
of potassium is well known, but it should not be used 
without the sanction of a physician, on account of its 
irritant and poisonous properties. When given in large 
doses or for any length of time, it has an irritant action 
on the kidneys. 

Dose, I to 10 grains (0.13-0.65 gm.). 

Troches of Potassium Chlorate (Trochisci Potassii Chlo- 
ratis). — Dose, one slowly dissolved in the mouth, each 
troche containing 5 grains. The action upon the kidneys 
should be carefully watched. 

Poisoning'. — Symptoms. — Thirst, abdominal pain, vom- 
iting and purging, cyanosis, dyspnea, scanty urine, and 
death from asphyxia, heart-failure, or uremia. 

The treatment consists in the prompt use of demul- 
cent drinks and heart-stimulants. The temperature of 
the body should be maintained by external heat. 

Chloroform (Chloroformum). — This is a colorless, 
non-inflammable liquid, obtained by acting on alcohol with 
chlorin. When inhaled in moderate amount, its chief 
action is on the nervous system, which it depresses, pro- 
ducing general anesthesia. Large doses depress also the 
heart and respiration. When given by the mouth in 
small doses, it produces a sensation of warmth and serves 
as a carminative. Large doses excite inflammation of 
the stomach and bowel. Compared with ether as a 
general anesthetic, chloroform is more agreeable to the 
patient, more readily inhaled, more prompt in its action, 
less irritant to the respiratory tract and kidneys, less 



CHLOROFORM. 95 

liable to be followed by unpleasant sequels, such as nausea 
and vomiting, but distinctly more dangerous. Chloro- 
form usually kills by heart-failure, ether by asphyxia. 
Externally it is an irritant, being capable, in concentrated 
form, of producing a blister. 

As a general anesthetic it is sometimes used in pref- 
erence to ether when the patient has an acute inflamma- 
tory disease of the lungs or kidneys, or when very prompt 
anesthesia is necessary. Partial anesthesia from chloro- 
form is also much used in controlling convulsions and in 
relieving the excessive pains of child-birth. Internally, 
the drug is used in small doses as a carminative in neu- 
ralgia of the stomach and in intestinal colic. Externally, 
it is extensively employed in the form of a stimulating 
liniment in sprains and muscular rheumatism. 

Dose, 5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 ex.). A minim of 
chloroform is equivalent to about four drops. 

Preparations. — Chloroform Water (Aqua Chloroformi). 
— From 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Spirit of Chloroform (Spiritus Chloroformi). — From 5 
to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 

Emulsion of Chloroform (Emulsum Chloroformi). — 
From 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Chloroform Liniment (Linimentum Chloroformi). — 
Used externally. 

Chloroform Poultice. — Two parts of chloroform to 3 
parts of hot sweet oil, poured over a piece of hot flannel. 

Poisoning. — Symptoms. — Taken in large doses, it is 
a local irritant to the stomach and a powerful narcotic, 
causing stupor, convulsions, flushed face, foaming at the 
mouth, dilated pupils, cold, clammy skin, feeble pulse, 
and stertorous breathing. When taken in excess by in- 
halation, death may come suddenly and without warning 



96 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

from paralysis of the heart, or may be preceded by dilated 
pupils, pallor of the face, and feeble pulse. 

Treatment. — There is no chemic antidote. If swal- 
lowed, emetics should be given or the stomach-tube 
should be used. When untoward symptoms result from 
inhalation, the anesthetic must be withdrawn, the patient 
placed head downward and exposed to a current of air, 
the tongue drawn forward, and artificial respiration prac- 
tised. Heat should be applied to the body, a mustard- 
plaster over the heart, and heart-stimulants, like strych- 
nin, atropin, and digitalis, administered hypodermically. 

Chrysarobin (Chrysarobinum). — Action and Uses. 
— Chrysarobin is a yellowish, crystalline powder, ex- 
tracted from the wood of a large tree (Andira ararobd) 
growing in Brazil. It is used externally as a stimulant 
and parasiticide in certain skin-diseases. 

It is generally prescribed in the form of ointment. It 
is rarely used on the face, as it stains the skin dark 
brown. Care must be taken not to allow it to come in 
contact with clothing, on account of its staining proper- 
ties. It is excreted by the kidneys, and it imparts to the 
urine a yellow color. Gastro-intestinal symptoms, such 
as vomiting and purging, may follow its internal use. It 
is an active irritant poison. 

Cimiciftlga (Black Snakeroot). — Action and Uses. 
— Cimicifuga is the dried rootlets of a perennial plant 
{Cimicifuga racemosd) growing in the woodlands of 
North America. It is chiefly used as an antispasmodic 
in chorea, or St. Vitus' dance. Large doses induce 
headache, nausea, vertigo, tremors, prostration, and col- 
lapse. 

Dose. — Extract of Cimicifuga (Extractum Cimicifugae). 
— From I to 5 grains (0.065-0.32 gm.). 



CINCHONA. 97 

Fluid Extract of Cimicifuga (Extractum Cimicifugae 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Cimicifuga (Tinctura Cimicifugae). — From 
I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Cinchona (Peruvian Bark). — Action and Uses. — 
Cinchona is the bark of several species of Cinchona, tall 
evergreen trees growing in South America and other 
tropic countries. Its medical properties depend upon a 
number of alkaloids, the chief of which are quinin and 
cinchonin. 

In small doses quinin acts as a stomachic and bitter 
tonic, and as such it is much used in the convalescence 
of acute diseases to promote strength. Large doses (15 
to 20 grains) lower temperature in febrile states, but are 
not so prompt and certain in their antipyretic effect as 
antipyrin or phenacetin. Quinin possesses to some ex- 
tent the power of intensifying uterine contractions, and 
for this purpose it is sometimes prescribed during labor 
when the pains are inefficient owing to weakness or 
fatigue. While quinin does not possess great power as 
a general germicide, it is highly destructive to the para- 
site of malarial fever, and as yet no drug has proved so 
effective in the treatment of this disease. 

Large doses of quinin cause ringing in the ears, fulness 
in the head, headache, deafness, and dimness of vision — 
a group of symptoms to which the term cinchonism has 
been applied. Toxic doses cause, in addition, delirium, 
stupor, convulsions, and coma. In some persons even 
small doses of the drug are followed by extensive rashes 
on the skin. 

Quinin is rapidly absorbed. It may accumulate, but it 
is mostly eliminated in eight hours, practically all in 
twenty-four or forty-eight hours, chiefly by the kidneys. 



9*5 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

Quinin may be given by the mouth, by the rectum, or 
hypodermically. It is given hypodermically in cases of 
great urgency, as in the pernicious forms of malarial 
fever. Soluble preparations, such as the hydrobromate 
or dihydrochlorate, are selected for subcutaneous use ; 
the injections are given deeply, and are made under strict 
antiseptic precautions, otherwise abscess is liable to follow. 

Preparations and Doses. — Quinin Sulphate (Quininae 
Sulphas). — From I to 3 grains (0.06-0.2 gm.) as a tonic; 
15 to 30 grains (1-2 gm.) as an antipyretic ; and 20 to 40 
grains (1.3-2.6 gm.) as an antimalarial. It is best given 
in freshly made pills, capsules, or solution. Old pills 
become very hard and so are apt to escape absorption. 
When quinin sulphate is prescribed in solution, a few 
drops of dilute sulphuric acid are usually added to make 
the drug more soluble. Syrup of chocolate, syrup of 
licorice, and syrup of yerba santa are frequently used to 
cover the bitter taste of the quinin. 

Quinin Bisulphate (Quininae Bisulphas). — This salt is 
more soluble than the sulphate. Dose, 1 to 30 grains 
(0.06-2.0 gm.). 

Quiniri Hydrochlorale (Quininae Hydrochloras). — Dose, 
I to 30 grains (0.06-2.0 gm.). This salt is the thera- 
peutic equivalent of the sulphate. 

Quinin Hydrobromate (Quininae Hydrobromas). — Used 
hypodermically on account of its solubility. Dose, 1 to 
30 grains (0.06-2.0 gm.). 

Quinin Valerianate (Quininae Valerianas). — This salt is 
both tonic and antispasmodic. Dose, 1 to 10 grains (0.06- 
0.6 gm.). 

Quinin Tannate (Quininae Tannas). — A weak but 
almost tasteless preparation. Dose, 1 to 30 grains (0.06- 
2.0 gm.). 



CINNAMON. 99 

Euquinin (Euchinin ; Ethyl Carbonic Ester of Quinin). 
— A weak but tasteless preparation of quinin. Dose y 5 to 
60 grains (0.3-4.0 gm.). 

Extract of Cinchona (Extractum Cinchonae). — This and 
the following preparations of cinchona are chiefly used as 
bitter tonics. Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Cinchona (Extractum Cinchonae 
Fluidum). — Dose, \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Tincture of Cinchona (Tinctura Cinchonae). — Dose, 1 
to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Compound Tincture of Cinchona (Tinctura Cinchonae 
Composita; Huxham's Tincture). — Dose, 1 to 4 drams 
(4-15 ex.). 

Cinchonin (Cinchonina). — An alkaloid of cinchona 
bark resembling quinin in its action, but less powerful. 

Dose, 1 to 30 grains (0.06-2.0 gm.). 

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum). — Action and Uses. — 
Cinnamon is the bark of evergreen trees {Cinnamomum 
aromaticum and other species of Cinnamomum) growing 
in China, Ceylon, and other tropic islands. It contains 
a volatile oil and a small quantity of tannic acid. It is a 
carminative and a feeble astringent. It is used exter- 
nally for flavoring purposes. 

Dose. — Oil of Cinnamon (Oleum Cinnamomi). — From 
1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Cinnamon Water (Aqua Cinnamomi). — From J to 1 
ounce (15-30 c.c). 

Spirit of Cinnamon (Spiritus Cinnamomi). — From 5 to 
30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Cinnamon (Tinctura Cinnamomi). — From 
\ to 1 dram (2-4 ex.). 

Aromatic Powder (Pulvis Aromaticus). — From 10 to 
30 grains (0.6-2.0 gm.). 



LofC. 



100 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Aromatic Fluid Extract (Extractum Aromaticum 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 60 minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Cloves (Caryophyllus). — Action and Uses. — Cloves 
are the flowers of an evergreen tree {Eugenia aromaticd) 
growing in the East Indian Islands. They are used as a 
carminative, a mild counterirritant, and as a local ano- 
dyne. As a carminative the oil is often combined with 
purgative drugs to prevent griping. As a counterirritant 
they are employed in the form of the spice poultice, which 
consists of powdered cloves, ginger, and cinnamon, of 
each one or two teaspoonfuls ; flour, a tablespoonful ; 
whisky, enough to make a paste sufficiently soft to 
spread on flannel. As an anodyne, oil of cloves is often 
applied on cotton to the cavity of a tooth to allay tooth- 
ache. 

Dose. — Oil of Cloves (Oleum Caryophylli). — From 1 
to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Infusion of Cloves or Clove-tree (Infusum Caryophylli). 
— Two drams to the pint of boiling water — 1 wine- 
glassful. 

Coca (Erythroxylon). — Action and Uses. — Coca is 
the leaves of a shrub {Erythroxylon coca) growing in 
South America. Its active principle is the alkaloid 
cocain. Coca and cocain are cerebral stimulants, in 
moderate doses inducing a sense of exhilaration. They 
tend also to produce wakefulness and to lessen the feel- 
ing of hunger, thirst, and fatigue. Upon the respiration 
and circulation they have a powerful stimulant effect. 

Locally, cocain has no action upon the unbroken skin, 
but upon mucous membranes and subcutaneous tissue it 
acts as an anesthetic by paralyzing the peripheral sen- 
sory nerves. Its application to mucous membranes also 
gives rise to blanching, and later to marked congestion. 



COCA. 10 1 

Applied to the eye, it not only anesthetizes the conjunc- 
tiva, but it also dilates the pupil. 

Both cocain and the fluid extract of coca are some- 
times employed as general stimulants in low fevers. As 
a respiratory stimulant cocain has been found very useful 
in opium-poisoning. The most important use of the 
drug, however, is as a local anesthetic. Owing to its 
benumbing influence on the nerves of the stomach, it is 
often of service as an antiemetic. 

Dose, 30 to 60 grains (2-4 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Coca (Extractum Cocae Fluidum). — 
From \ to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Cocain Hydrochlorate (Cocaince Hydrochloras). — From 
\ to \ grain (0.008-0.03 gm.). 

The usual strengths used locally are a 2 and a 4 per 
cent, solution. 

To make a 2 per cent, solution, 10 grains (0.6 gm.) are 
added to 1 ounce of water (30 c.c). 

To make a 4 per cent, solution, 20 grains (1.3 gm.) are 
added to 1 ounce of water (30 c.c). 

By using the cocain tablets a fresh solution is made at 
a moment's notice. These tablets are convenient, and, 
as they contain accurately weighed quantities of pure 
cocain, they almost compel accuracy in the preparation. 

Poisoning".— Symptoms. — Nervous excitement, deli- 
rium, stupor, vomiting, hurried breathing, a rapid pulse, 
elevation of temperature, dilatation of the pupils, and 
convulsions. 

The treatment consists in evacuating the stomach and 
administering ammonia, ether, and cafifein when there is 
evidence of depression. Cocain-poisoning with convul- 
sions is to be treated with the remedies that are employed 
in strychnin poisoning, namely, with bromids and chloral. 



102 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Cocain Habit. — The repeated application of cocain to 
mucous membranes like those of the nose and throat 
has been a potent factor in inducing the cocain habit ', the 
symptoms of which are mental failure, delusions, loss of 
flesh and strength, marked disturbances of digestion, and 
an intense craving for the drug. 

Codein (Codeina). — Action and Uses. — Codein is an 
alkaloid obtained from opium. Its action is similar to 
that of morphin, but it is less powerful and less liable to 
induce nausea and constipation. It is used as a nerve- 
sedative. 

Dose, \ to 2 grains (0.03-0.13 gm.). 

The symptoms of poisoning" are the same as those 
produced by morphin, and the treatment is the same. 

Cod-liver Oil (Oleum Morrhuae). — Cod-liver oil is 
chiefly valuable as a nutrient tonic in wasting diseases. 
It has advantages over other fats in being more digestible 
and assimilable, and in containing small quantities of 
iodin and phosphorus, which probably exert an alterative 
effect. 

Dose, 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c), preferably two hours 
after meals, either alone or in emulsion with some agree- 
able vehicle to conceal its taste and to prevent nausea. 
Pure oil may be taken in milk, being dropped in the 
center of the tumbler and the milk rapidly drunk without 
the oil touching the sides of the glass. In the same way 
it may be administered in the froth of porter. The best 
cover to disguise the taste is the oil of bitter almond. 

When the oil cannot be taken by the mouth, it may 
be applied to the skin with friction, absorption readily 
taking place. From 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c.) may be 
rubbed into the skin over the chest and abdomen each 
night before retiring. 



COLLODION. IO3 

Colchicum. — Action and Uses. — Colchicum is the 
root and seed of the Colchicum autumnale, growing in 
Europe. It contains an alkaloid, colchicin. The chief 
use of colchicum is as an alterative in gout and chronic 
rheumatism. Overdoses produce violent inflammation 
of the stomach and intestines. 

Dose. — Extract of Colchicum isW (Extractum Colchici 
Radicis). — From J to 2 grains (0.032-0.13 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Root (Extractum Colchici 
Radicis Fluidum). — From 2 to 4 minims (0.12-0.24 c.c). 

Wine of Colchicum Root (Vinum Colchici Radicis). — 
From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-1.8 c.c). 

Colchicum Seed (Colchici Semen). — From 2 to 8 grains 
(0.13-0.5 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed (Extractum Colchici 
Seminis Fluidum). — From 2 to 5 minims (0.12-0.3 c.c). 

Tincture of Colchicum vSm/(Tinctura Colchici Seminis). 
— From \ to 1 dram (1.8-4.0 c.c). 

Wine of Colchicum Seed (Vinum Colchici Seminis). — 
From 15 to 60 minims (1-4 c.c). 

Colchicin (Colchicina). — From yj-g- to -^ of a grain 
(0.0004-0.0012 gm.). 

Poisoning'. — The symptoms are nausea, severe griping, 
violent vomiting, purging, a rapid, feeble pulse, slow 
respirations, cold, clammy skin, prostration, convul- 
sions, and collapse, the senses remaining clear to the last. 

Treatment. — Tannic acid is the antidote. Emetics 
should be given or the stomach-pump used. Warm 
demulcent drinks and heart-stimulants are indicated. 

Collodion (Collodium). — Action and Uses. — Collo- 
dion is gun-cotton dissolved in alcohol and ether. It is 
used to retain small antiseptic dressings and to secure an 
air-tight covering for small wounds. It is painted over 



I04 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

the part with a camel's-hair brush or a cotton swab. The 
stopper must not be kept out of the collodion bottle for 
more than a moment, as the ether speedily evaporates, 
leaving the liquid thick and unfit for use. 

Flexible Collodion (Collodium Flexile). — This prepara- 
tion contains Canada turpentine and castor oil, which 
prevent hardening and contraction. 

Styptic Collodion (Collodium Stypticum). — This prepa- 
ration contains tannic acid, and is sometimes applied to 
small wounds to arrest bleeding. 

Cantharidal Collodion (Collodium Cantharidatum). — 
This preparation contains 60 per cent, of cantharides, and 
is sometimes used instead of the plaster of cantharides 
for raising blisters. 

Colocynth (Colocynthis). — Action and Uses. — Colo- 
cynth, the dried fruit of Citrullus colocynthus, is a rapidly 
acting drastic cathartic. It is rarely used alone, but in 
combination with other cathartics. 

Dose. — Extract of Colocynth (Extractum Colocynthi- 
dis). — From 2 to 5 grains (0.13-0.32 gm.). 

Compound Extract (Extractum Colocynthidis Com- 
positum). — From 5 to 20 grains (0.32-1.3 gm.), used as 
a purge. 

Compound Cathartic Pills (Pilulae Catharticae Com- 
positae). — These pills contain, in addition to the com- 
pound extract of colocynth, calomel, gamboge, and 
extract of jalap — from 1 to 3 pills. 

Vegetable Cathartic Pills (Pilulae Catharticae Vegetabiles). 
— These pills contain compound extract of colocynth, 
extract of jalap, extract of hyoscyamus, extract of podo- 
phyllum, and extract of leptandra — from I to 3 pills. 

In large doses colocynth is a violent irritant, producing 
fatal gastro-enteritis. 



COPAIBA. 105 

Columbo. — (See Calumba) 

Condy's Fluid. — (See Potassium Permanganate}) 

Conium (Hemlock). — Action and Uses. — Conium is 
the fruit of Conium maculatum, growing in temperate 
regions. It owes its activity to the liquid alkaloid coniin. 
Its dominant action is on the peripheral motor nerves, 
which it depresses. It is sometimes employed in asthma, 
whooping-cough, and St. Vitus' dance as an antispasmodic 
and calmative. 

Large doses of conium cause giddiness, staggering, 
muscular weakness, dilated pupils, disordered vision, 
dropping of the eyelids, frontal headache, sometimes 
nausea and vomiting, paralysis, and collapse. 

Treatment of Poisoning'. — The stomach should be 
emptied by the stomach-pump or emetics ; heart-stimu- 
lants, external heat, and artificial respiration are indi- 
cated. 

Dose. — Extract of Conium (Extractum Conii). — From 
J to 1 grain (0.03-0.065 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Co?iium (Extractum Conii Fluidum). 
— From 2 to 5 minims (0.1-0.3 c.c). 

Conium Hydrobroviate (Coniinae Hydrobromas). — 
From Jo" to l grain (0.003-0.01 gm.). 

Convallaria (Lily of the Valley). — Action and Uses. 
— The action of convallaria is similar to that of digitalis. 
It stimulates the heart and increases the secretion of 
urine. While it is free from cumulative action and is not 
prone to disturb the stomach, it is far less reliable as a 
heart-stimulant and diuretic than digitalis. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Cojivallaria (Extractum Con- 
vallariae Fluidum). — From 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Copaiba (Balsam of Copaiba). — Action and Uses. — 
Copaiba is a resinous principle obtained from a small tree 



106 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

{Copaiba Langsdorffii) growing in South America. It 
is a viscid liquid, with an aromatic odor and an acrid 
taste. It contains a volatile oil — oil of copaiba. It is 
employed chiefly as a stimulant diuretic and a stimulant 
expectorant. 

Dose. — Oil of Copaiba (Oleum Copaibae). — From 5 to 
15 minims (0.3-1.0 ex.). 

Resin of Copaiba (Resina Copaibae). — From 5 to 15 
grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). 

Mass of Copaiba (Massa Copaibae). — From 15 to 30 
grains (1-2 gm.). 

Copper (Cuprum). — Action and Uses. — Copper is 
not used medicinally in the form of the metal itself, but 
as one of its salts. Used locally, the salts in a weak 
solution have a mild astringent and stimulant action ; in 
strong solution they are irritants, and in powder form 
they have a caustic action. Internally, in small doses, 
they exert an astringent action ; in large doses they are 
emetics ; in overdoses they are irritant poisons. 

Preparations. — Sulphate of Copper (Cupri Sulphas ; 
Blue-stone ; Blue Vitriol). — Action and Uses. — Internally, 
in small doses, sulphate of copper is used as an astrin- 
gent in chronic diarrhea; it large doses it is a prompt 
emetic, causing little depression and nausea. Copper 
sulphate is also an antidote to phosphorus. Externally, 
applied to mucous membranes or ulcers, it acts as an 
astringent, stimulant, and mild caustic. 

Poisoning'. — Symptoms. — Burning pain in the stomach, 
metallic taste in the mouth, vomiting of bluish or green- 
ish liquids, purging, extreme thirst, irregular and rapid 
pulse, difficult breathing, convulsions, and death. 

Treatment. — In the absence of the chemic antidote, 
which is potassium ferrocyanid, milk or white of eggs 



CREOLIN. 107 

should be given, followed by emetics or the stomach- 
pump if necessary. 

Dose, as an astringent, \ grain (0.016 gm.) ; as an 
emetic, 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.) ; for a child, 1 to 3 
grains (0.065-0.2 gm.). 

Arsenite of Copper (Cupri Arsenis). — Arsenite of 
copper is used as an intestinal antiseptic. Dose, -%fa to 
Y^j- grain (0.0003 2-0.0006 5 gm.). 

Corn-silk (Zea). — Action and Uses. — Corn-silk is 
collected from the ears of common Indian corn or maize. 
It is a feeble diuretic and a sedative to the mucous mem- 
brane of the urinary passages. It is sometimes used 
for its sedative properties in acute inflammation of the 
bladder. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Cor?i-silk (Extractum Zeae 
Fluidum). — From J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Infusion of Corn-silk (Infusum Zese). — Two ounces to 
1 pint of boiling water — 1 to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c). 

Cotton-root Bark (Gossypii Radicis Cortex). — Ac- 
tion and Uses. — This drug probably has an action on the 
uterus similar to that of ergot. It is rarely used as a 
substitute for ergot in stimulating uterine contractions. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Cotton-root Bark (Extractum 
Gossypii Radicis Fluidum). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Crede'S Ointment (Unguentum Crede). — Action 
and Uses. — This is an ointment (15 per cent.) of soluble 
metallic silver. It is employed as a local remedy and 
also by inunction for its constitutional effect as an anti- 
septic remedy in various septic inflammatory diseases. 

Dose, 30 to 45 grains (2-3 gm.) daily, by inunction. 

Creolin (Creolinum). — Action and Uses. — Creolin 
is a coal-tar product nearly related to carbolic acid, and 
is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is usually 



108 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

employed in the strength of a 2 per cent, solution, which 
is made by adding 2J teaspoonfuls of creolin to 1 pint 
of water. Creolin cannot be used for disinfecting instru- 
ments because the watery solution is opaque. 

Creasote (Creosotum). — Action and Uses. — Crea- 
sote, an oily substance obtained from the destructive dis- 
tillation of beechwood, is an antiseptic, local sedative, 
gastric sedative, and expectorant. It closely resembles 
carbolic acid in its effects, but it is much less irritant and 
poisonous. It is much used as an expectorant in chronic 
bronchitis and phthisis. It is used as a remedy in tooth- 
ache, one or two drops being applied on a pledget of 
cotton-wool and placed in the cavity of the tooth. 

Creasote gives to the urine a blackish color. The 
symptoms of poisoning- and the treatment are the same 
as those of carbolic acid. 

Dose, 1 to 10 minims (0.06-0.6 c.c). 

Creasote Water (Aqua Creosoti). — A 1 per cent, solu- 
tion of creasote — I to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Inhalation of Creasote (Vapor Creosoti). — Twelve 
minims of creasote added to 8 ounces of boiling water. 

Creasote Ointment (Unguentum Creosoti). — For local 
use. 

Creasote Carbonate (Creosotal). — This is any oily 
liquid, of a slightly bitter taste, but without the odor of 
creasote. It is frequently used in place of the latter in 
phthisis and bronchial catarrh. 

Dose, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Croton Oil (Oleum Tiglii ; Oleum Crotonis). — Action 
and Uses. — This is an oil expressed from the seeds of a 
small tree {Croton tiglium) growing in China and the 
adjacent islands. It is a powerful irritant to the skin, 
causing inflammation attended with a pustular eruption 



CUBEB. IO9 

which heals by scabbing. Internally it is a drastic 
cathartic, employed when a speedy evacuation of the 
bowel is necessary, as in obstinate constipation, apo- 
plexy, uremia, and acute delirium. Externally it is used 
as a counterirritant. 

Dose, 1 or 2 drops (0.06-0.12 c.c.) given in sugar, 
glycerin, or bread-crumb. When the patient is uncon- 
scious or delirious, the drops should be placed on the 
back of the tongue, so that they will be swallowed invol- 
untarily. 

When applied externally, the oil is sprinkled on a 
piece of white flannel and rubbed over the part or 
allowed to remain until it is well reddened. When a 
mild action is required, it is sometimes diluted with olive 
oil or other liniments. 

Poisoning". — The symptoms are violent purging and 
vomiting, burning pain in the throat, stomach, and abdo- 
men, and great prostration. 

Treatment. — Demulcent drinks, such as gruel, linseed 
tea, or milk, should be given. The stomach should be 
emptied by emetics or the stomach-pump. External 
heat, friction, and heart-stimulants are indicated. 

Croton Chloral. — (See Butyl-chloral Hydrate*) 

Cubeb (Cubeba). — Action and Uses. — Cubeb is the 
unripe fruit of a climbing plant {Piper cubeba) growing in 
the island of Borneo. It contains a volatile oil and a 
resin. Cubeb resembles copaiba in its action, and, like 
the latter, is used as a stimulant diuretic and a stimulant 
expectorant. 

Dose. — Oleoresin of Cubeb (Oleoresina Cubebae). — 
From 5 to 15 minims (0.3-1.0 c.c). 

Oil of Cubeb (Oleum Cubebae). — From 5 to 1 5 minims 
(0,3-1.0 c.c). 



110 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

Fluid Extr actum of Cubeb (Extractum Cubebae Flui- 
dum). — From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Cubeb (Tinctura Cubebae). — From } to 2 
drams (2-8 c.c). 

Troches of Cubeb (Trochisci Cubebae). — Each contains 
about J grain (0.04 gm.) of the oleoresin — 4 to 6 daily. 

CtlSSO (Kousso; Brayera). — Action and Uses. — 
Cusso is the flower of a tree (Hagenia abyssinicd) grow- 
ing in the mountains of Abyssinia. It is used solely as 
a vermifuge against the tape-worm. It is generally 
prescribed in the form of an infusion. It sometimes pro- 
duces nausea and vomiting. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Cusso (Extractum Cusso 
Fluidum). — From 2 to 4 drams (8-15 c.c). 

Infusion of Cusso (Infusum Cusso). — One-half ounce 
of the powdered flowers in 1 pint of boiling water, allowed 
to stand for fifteen minutes in a covered vessel, and drunk 
without straining. From 1 to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c), to 
be taken on an empty stomach. 

Dattirin. — (See Stramonium) 

Deadly Nightshade. — (See Belladonna') 

Dermatol. — (See Bismuth Subgallate) 

Dialysed Iron (Ferrum Dialysatum). — (See Iron) 

Diastase. — This is a starch-digesting ferment obtained 
from malted grain. It is a yellowish powder, tasteless, 
and soluble in water. Extracts of malt contain variable 
quantities of this ferment. It is sometimes given before 
meals in those forms of dyspepsia in which there is 
difficulty in digesting starchy food. 

Dose, 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Digitalis (Foxglove). — Action and Uses. — Digitalis 
is the leaves of the Digitalis purpurea. It contains a 
number of glucosids, the most important of which are 



DIGITALIS. 1 1 1 

digitalin, digitoxin, digitalein, digitin, and digitonin. The 
most active of these are digitalin and digitoxin, but 
neither represents the complete action of the crude drug. 
The physiologic action of digitalis is chiefly on the cir- 
culatory system. Under its influence the pulse becomes 
strong and slow. The increased force of the pulse is 
due to the stimulant action of the drug upon the heart 
and muscular coat of the arteries ; and the slowing of the 
pulse to stimulation of the inhibitory nerves (pneumogas- 
tric) of the heart. 

By lengthening the diastole it allows a longer time for 
the ventricles to become filled with blood, and by strength- 
ening the systole it permits of a more complete emptying 
of those chambers, the result being an improvement in 
the general nutrition of the heart. 

Digitalis also acts as a diuretic, not by any effect 
exerted upon the kidney cells directly, but by increasing 
the blood-pressure in the organ. 

Digitalis is employed chiefly to meet three indications : 
To strengthen a weak heart ; to slow a rapid heart ; and 
to increase the urinary flow, especially in dropsy. 

A patient who is taking the drug continuously in large 
doses should be kept in bed and not be allowed to sit 
up suddenly or make any sudden movement, as fatal 
syncope may occur. 

The uninterrupted use of digitalis is sometimes fol- 
lowed by toxic symptoms. These are the result of a 
cumulative action and are especially liable to occur when 
there is no diuretic effect. The earliest evidences of this 
accident are marked irregularity of the pulse and a sense 
of distress about the heart. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — The pulse at the wrist is 
rapid, feeble, and irregular, while the heart-beats are most 



112 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

powerful. The pupils are dilated, the eyes prominent, 
and the whites of the eyes of a peculiar bluish luster. 
Severe headache and obstinate vomiting are frequent 
symptoms. The mind is usually clear until near the end. 

Treatment. — The chemic antidote is tannic acid. The 
stomach should be emptied by emetics or the stomach- 
pump, the latter being preferable when the circulation is 
much disturbed. The horizontal position should be 
rigidly maintained. The temperature of the body should 
be kept up by external heat. 

Dose. — Powdered Digitalis Leaves (Pulvis Digitalis). — 
From | to 2 grains (0.03-0.13 gm.). 

Extract of Digitalis (Extractum Digitalis). — From \ to 
\ grain (0.0 1 -0.16 gm.). 

Tincture of Digitalis (Tinctura Digitalis). — From 5 to 
20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Digitalis (Extractum Digitalis Flui- 
dum). — From 1 to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c). 

Infusion of Digitalis (Infusum Digitalis). — From 1 to 
4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

As a diuretic, digitalis is also used externally in the 
form of stupes (flannels wet with the tincture) and poul- 
tices applied to the abdomen. The poultices may be 
made from the dried leaves or any of the fluid prepara- 
tions. 

Digitalin (Digitalinum). — This is one of the five glu- 
cosids of digitalis, and is used for the same purposes as 
the crude drug. 

Dose, y^-g- to -fo grain (0.00065-0.001 gm.). When 
given hypodermically, it is more irritating than the tinc- 
ture or the fluid extract. 

Digitoxin resembles digitalin in its action, but is 
more irritant. 



E G G-ALB UMEN. 1 1 3 

Dose, 2-J0 to TTff g rain (0.0003-0.0006 gm.). 

Diuretin (Salicylate of Theobromin and Sodium). — 
Action and Uses. — Diuretin is used as a pure diuretic 
in dropsy the result of heart-, liver-, and kidney-disease. 
Theobromin is an alkaloid obtained from chocolate 
beans, and the sodium salt is added to make the alka- 
loid soluble. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 gm.). 

DobelPs Solution. — This is a solution consisting of 
borax and sodium bicarbonate, of each 30 grains (2 gm.) ; 
carbolic acid, 15 grains ( I gm.); glycerin, 4 drams (15 
c.c), and water, 1 pint (0.5 L.). It is a very useful anti- 
septic and detergent wash for the nose and throat. 

Donovan's Solution. — (See Arsenic) 

Dover's Powder. — (See Opium) 

Duboisin Sulphate. — Duboisin is an alkaloid ob- 
tained from the leaves of a small tree (Duboisia myo- 
poroides) growing in Australia. It is used in ophthalmic 
practice as a substitute for atropin. It dilates the pupil 
more energetically and more promptly than atropin, but 
its effects are not so lasting. It is sometimes used inter- 
nally as a nerve-sedative and hypnotic. Large doses 
cause dryness of the throat, vertigo, headache, rapid 
pulse, and hurried breathing. 

Dose, ylg to -gL grain (0.00065-0.001 gm.). 

Dionin. — This is an artificial alkaloid prepared from 
morphin. It resembles codein in its action. 

Dose, \ to \ grain (0.004-0.03 gm.). 

Egg-albumen (Ovi Albumen).— The liquid white of 
the egg. 

Action and Uses. — Egg-albumen is nutritive and de- 
mulcent. It is an antidote in poisoning from irritants and 
corrosives. 



114 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

The solution of albumin is made by adding 4 ounces 
of water to the white of one egg. 

Yolk of Egg (Ovi Vitellus). — The yolk of egg is very 
nutritive, and may be given in the form of egg-flip or 
egg-nog. Egg-flip is made by beating up thoroughly 
the yolk of one egg with 2 ounces of brandy, 2 ounces 
of cinnamon-water, and ^ ounce of fine sugar. Egg-flip 
is also called brandy mixture. 

Elaterium. — Action and Uses. — Elaterium is a sub- 
stance obtained from the squirting cucumber {Ecballium 
elaterium), a vine growing on the shores of the Medi- 
terranean Sea. It owes its active properties to a neutral 
principle, elaterin. Elaterium is a powerful hydragogue 
cathartic, producing copious watery movements, with 
some griping. Large doses cause inflammation of the 
stomach and bowels and great prostration. 

Dose. — Elaterium. — From \ to \ grain (0.008-0.016 
gm.). 

Elaterin (Elaterinum). — From -^ to -^ grain (0.002- 
0.0065 gm.). 

Trituration of Elaterin (Tritu ratio Elaterini). — From 
\ to 1 grain (0.016-0.065 gm.). 

Emetin. — This is one of the alkaloids of ipecac. 
(See Ipecac}) 

BpSOm Salt (Magnesium Sulphate). — (See Mag- 
nesium}) 

Ergot (Ergota). — Action and Uses. — Ergot is a pur- 
plish-black fungus growing on the grain of common rye. 
It contains a number of active substances, the chief of 
which is sphacelotoxin. Ergot has two important actions ; 
It stimulates uterine contractions and constricts the ar- 
terioles by stimulating the vasomotor mechanism in the 
brain. It is chiefly used as an oxytocic and as a hemo- 



ERGOT. 115 

static. As an oxytocic it is sometimes employed to 
hasten delivery when the power of the uterine contrac- 
tions is not sufficient to expel the fetus; but the best 
obstetricians condemn the practice, the danger in this 
procedure being the production of " hour-glass contrac- 
tion " and consequent retention of the fetus. 

As a hemostatic, it may be used in all hemorrhages 
where surgical means cannot be employed. When used 
to prevent postpartum hemorrhage, it should not be 
given hypodermically until after the placenta is deliv- 
ered, unless otherwise ordered, because it acts chiefly on 
the circular fibers of the uterus, and after its administra- 
tion the uterus is apt to close and prevent the escape of 
the placenta. The hypodermic use of ergot is some- 
times followed by subcutaneous abscesses, and for this 
reason many obstetricians prefer to give a full dose by 
the mouth during the second stage, when the head of 
the child is beginning to emerge at the vulva. Its action 
by the mouth is slow, requiring from fifteen to twenty 
minutes, consequently it is of no value if its administra- 
tion is delayed until after the occurrence of hemorrhage, 
unless it is given hypodermically. 

Large doses of ergot produce headache, nausea, vomit- 
ing, thirst, purging, giddiness, dilated pupils, great rest- 
lessness, coldness of the surface, and stupor. The pro- 
longed use of the drug is sometimes followed by gangrene 
of the fingers or toes. 

Dose. — Extract of Ergot (Extractum Ergotae). — From 
I to 15 grains (0.065-1.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Ergot (Extractum Ergotae Fluidum). 
— From \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Wine of Ergot (Vinum Ergotae). — From 1 to 4 drams 
(4-15 c.c). 



Il6 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

Liquid Extract of Ergot (Extractum Ergotae Liquidum). 
— From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Ergot (Tinctura Ergotae). — From \ to I 
dram (2-4 c.c). 

Bonjearis Ergotin. — From 2 to 5 grains (0.13-0.32 
gm.). 

Ergot is given hypodermically when prompt action is 
required. As it is very irritating to the tissues, it should 
first be strained and then injected deep into the muscle 
of the thigh. The risk of subsequent suppuration is then 
decidedly diminished. 

■Brigeron (Fleabane). — Action and Uses. — This is an 
animal shrub (Erigeron canadense) growing in North 
America. It is usually employed medicinally in the 
form of the oil of erigeron, which resembles the oil of 
turpentine in its action. Oil of erigeron is used as a 
stimulant diuretic and as an internal hemostatic. 

Dose, 5 to 15 minims (0.3-1.0 c.c). 

Eriodictyon (Yerba Santa). — Action and Uses. — 
Eriodictyon is the leaves of an evergreen shrub (Eriodic- 
tyon glutinosum) growing in California. It is employed 
to some extent as a stimulant expectorant in bronchitis, 
and in the form of the aromatic syrup to disguise the 
bitter taste of quinin. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Eriodictyon (Extractum Erio- 
dictyi Fluidum). — From 20 to 60 minims (1.2-4.0 c.c). 

Aromatic Syrup of Eriodictyon (Syrupus Eriodictyi 
Aromaticus). — This contains also cardamom, sassafras, 
lemon, and cloves — 1 to 4 drams (4 to 15 c.c). 

Erythroxylon. — (See Coca) 

Eserin. — (See Physostigma) 

Ether (^Ether ; Ethyl Oxid).— Action and Uses.— 
Ether is a colorless, volatile, highly inflammable liquid, 



ETHER. 117 

obtained by the action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. It 
should be kept in well-stoppered containers, in a cool 
place, remote from lights or fire. 

Ether has the following actions : small doses excite 
the brain ; large doses depress the brain and spinal cord, 
producing general anesthesia ; moderate doses stimulate 
the heart and circulation and large doses depress the 
heart ; medicinal doses stimulate, and toxic doses paral- 
yze, the respiratory center. When applied to the skin 
and allowed to evaporate, it produces intense coldness 
and finely marked local anesthesia. If evaporation be 
prevented, it causes severe irritation. 

Ether is used as a general anesthetic and as a quickly 
acting heart-stimulant in collapse ; and in the form of a 
spray as a local anesthetic in minor operations. Com- 
pound spirit of ether (Hoffmann's anodyne) is used as a 
general stimulant, antispasmodic, and carminative. 

The essentials in the administration of ether are 
as follows : The stomach, bladder, and bowels should be 
empty. When given on a full stomach, the patient may 
vomit, and particles of food may lodge in the larynx or 
trachea and cause suffocation. If the bladder and bowels 
are not emptied, they may act involuntarily. False teeth 
should always be removed, as there is danger of their 
being swallowed. A stimulating enema of whisky, 1 
ounce to 2 ounces of warm water, is often given 
two hours before etherization ; -j-j^ grain of atropin is 
sometimes given one hour before etherization, to 
lessen the irritability of the stomach caused by the 
ether and to diminish the secretions of the mouth and 
throat. 

Many surgeons prefer to give subcutaneously, just 
before the patient is etherized, morphin \ grain, or codein 



Il8 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

\ grain, to diminish shock by supporting the nervous 
system during the operation. 

No food should be given after midnight unless the 
operation is to be performed late on the following day, 
in which case the patient is usually allowed, six hours 
before the operation, some coffee, beef-tea, or gruel. 
Milk should not be given, as it is not easily digested and 
the curd may stay in the stomach, and if vomited while 
the patient is under ether, may obstruct the larynx or 
trachea ; or if the operation is abdominal, the curd may 
pass along the intestine and act as an irritant. 

Ether should be given slowly, the patient being in- 
structed how to inhale it and allowed plenty of time in 
which to take it. When inhaled, it first reddens the face, 
stimulates the heart, and exhilarates the patient ; later 
the muscles become rigid and the breathing stertorous ; 
finally this stage passes away, and the muscles relax and 
the patient passes into a state of insensibility. 

The lower jaw should be kept forward by placing the 
thumb behind the angles of the jaw and making gentle 
pressure. This prevents the tongue from slipping back 
and obstructing the larynx, and allows free access of air 
to the lungs. Holding the tongue forward by means of 
passing a suture through the tongue should not be done ; 
neither should too much pressure be put on the tongue- 
forceps, as it causes the tongue to become sore and 
swollen. The pulse and respirations must be watched 
carefully. The surgeon should be notified if the pulse 
becomes rapid, feeble, irregular, or intermittent ; if the 
respirations become low, shallow, gasping, or sighing ; 
if the face becomes blue or pale, or the pupils widely 
dilated. Ordinarily, the pupils remain contracted all 
through etherization, and dilate only when the patient 



ETHYL BROMID. II9 

is coming out of ether. Prolonged anesthesia may lead 
to secondary prostration and collapse and to secondary 
shock from that cause alone ; in other words, the pros- 
tration of the anesthetic is added to the effects of the 
operation. Death from ether is usually by failure of 
the respiration, the heart beating long after the respira- 
tions have ceased. 

It should be remembered that ether is very inflam- 
mable, and if there is a light in the room, it should be 
above the patient, as the vapor of ether is heavier than 
air. Should the vapor take fire, the patient's face should 
be covered with a wet towel. 

Nausea and vomiting following the administration of 
ether usually cease at the end of eighteen hours. Should 
they persist, they may be due to shock or to some cause 
other than ether. They may be relieved sometimes by 
the inhalation of hot vinegar fumes (a cloth wet with hot 
vinegar being placed over the mouth and nose) or by 
administration of teaspoonful doses of very hot water 
(either plain or containing 4 grains of bicarbonate of 
sodium to the ounce), crushed ice, champagne and ice, 
small doses of brandy and ice, black coffee, aromatic 
spirits of ammonia, or tea. Cocain, \ grain every two 
hours for five doses, has been successful in severe cases. 

Preparations and Dose. — Ether (iEther). — From 5 to 
30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c.) in capsule, in iced water, or 
hypodermically. 

Spirit of Ether (Spiritus Athens). — From I to 3 drams 
(4- 1 1 c.c). 

Compound Spirit of Ether (Spiritus ^Etheris Composi- 
tus ; Hoffmann's Anodyne). — From \ to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Ethyl Bromid (^Ethyl Bromidum ; Hydrobromic 
Ether). — Action and Uses. — This is a colorless, volatile, 



120 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

highly inflammable liquid, obtained by distilling a mix- 
ture of alcohol, sulphuric acid, and potassium bromid. 
On exposure it liberates free bromin and becomes unfit 
for use. It is employed chiefly as a general anesthetic 
for short operations. Its action resembles that of chloro- 
form, but it is more prompt and its effects are less lasting. 
It rarely causes disagreeable after-effects, such as nausea 
and vomiting, but it leaves a disagreeable garlicky odor 
on the breath which may persist for several days. Anes- 
thesia with hydrobromic ether is usually accomplished 
within a minute, and lasts from two to three minutes. 
As an anesthetic it is not so safe as nitrous oxid or ether. 

Dose, i to 6 drams (4-22 c.c.) by inhalation from an 
air-tight cone held firmly over the nose and mouth. 

Ethyl Chlorid (y£thyl Chloridum). — Action and 
Uses. — Ethyl chlorid is a colorless, volatile, inflammable 
liquid, prepared by the action of hydrochloric-acid gas 
on absolute alcohol. It is usually sold in glass tubes. 
Owing to the intense cold produced by its rapid evapora- 
tion, ethyl chlorid is employed as a local anesthetic for 
minor operations. After the removal of the tip of the 
tube the heat of the hand is sufficient to cause the liquid 
to escape in the form of a fine spray. The tube is held 
a few inches from the part to be operated upon, which 
turns white and becomes anesthetized in from fifteen to 
twenty seconds. 

Ethyl lodid (JEthyl Iodidum ; Hydriodic Ether).— 
This is a colorless, volatile liquid, with a penetrating, 
unpleasant odor. It is readily decomposed by keeping, 
liberating free iodin. Its chief use is as an antispasmodic 
in asthma. 

Dose, 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c.) inhaled from a hand- 
kerchief or small vial held near the nostrils. 



EUONYMUS. 121 

I£licain. — Action and Uses. — Eucain is an artificial 
alkaloid allied chemically to cocain. Beta-eucain, the 
preparation usually selected, is employed as a local anes- 
thetic. It is somewhat less toxic than cocain, and its 
solution can be sterilized by boiling without diminish- 
ing its efficacy. Unlike cocain, it does constrict the 
peripheral vessels nor blanch the part to which it is 
applied. 

Eucalyptus. — Action and Uses. — Eucalyptus is the 
leaves of the blue-gum tree {Eucalyptus globulus) growing 
in Australia and other subtropic countries. It contains 
a volatile oil {oil of eucalyptus) which has an aromatic 
odor and a pungent, spicy taste. The active constituent 
of the oil is a neutral body — eucalyptol. 

Oil of eucalyptus is a local irritant. Applied to the 
skin in concentrated form, it produces redness and even 
vesication. Internally, in large doses, it causes burning 
in the throat and stomach, nausea, diarrhea, mental ex- 
hilaration, and, ultimately, collapse and asphyxia. It is 
eliminated by the lungs, skin, and kidneys, and imparts 
to the urine the odor of violets. Both the oil and eucal- 
yptol are active antiseptics, and for this reason they 
enter into many applications intended for the nose and 
throat. Internally, they are used chiefly as stimulant 
expectorants in subacute and chronic bronchitis. 

Dose. — Oil of Eucalyptus (Oleum Eucalypti). — From 
3 to 10 minims (0.2-0.6 c.c). 

Eucalyptol. — From 3 to 10 minims (0.2-0.6 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Eucalyptus (Extractum Eucalypti 
Fluidum). — From 20 to 60 minims (1.2-4.0 c.c). 

Euonymus (Wahoo). — Action and Uses. — Euony- 
mus is the bark of the root of a shrub {Euonymus atro- 
purpurens) growing in North America. It is a mild, 



122 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

slowly acting laxative. It is said to act particularly on 
the liver. 

Dose, 3 to 20 grains (0.2-1.3 gm.). 

Euonymin, the active principle of euonymus, is given 
in combination with other cathartics as a hepatic stimu- 
lant. Dose, \ to 3 grains (0.03-0.19 gm.). 

Extract of Euonymus (Extractum Euonymi). — Dose, 3 
to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Eupatorium (Thoroughwort ; Boneset). — Action and 
Uses. — Eupatorium is the leaves and flower of a peren- 
nial plant (Eupatorium perfoliatum) growing in North 
America. In small doses it is a bitter tonic ; in large 
doses it is a diaphoretic, emetic, and cathartic. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Eupatorium (Extractum Eu- 
patorii Fluidum). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Decoction of Eupatorium (Decoctum Eupatorii). — This 
is made by boiling 1 ounce with J to 1 pint of water, is 
used as an emetic and cathartic — 2 to 8 ounces (60- 
240 c.c). 

Infusion of Eupatorium, or Boneset Tea (Infusum 
Eupatorii). — Made by steeping 1 ounce of thoroughwort 
in 1 pint of boiling water for two hours in a covered 
vessel and then straining. Dose of the cold infusion, I 
to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c). When diaphoretic action is 
required, the infusion should be given hot in doses of 
from 5 to 6 ounces. The patient should be kept in bed, 
warmly covered. 

ISurophen. — This is a coal-tar product containing 
about 28 per cent, of iodin. It is used as a substitute 
for iodoform, over which it has some advantages. It is 
employed as a dusting-powder or ointment in the strength 
of from 5 to 10 per cent. 

Euqumin. — (See Quinin) 



FLAX-SEED. 1 23 

Exalgin (Methyl-acetanilid). — Action and Uses. — 
This anilin derivative is a tasteless, crystalline powder 
closely resembling acetanilid in its action. It is anal- 
gesic, antipyretic, and antiseptic. 

Dose, \ to 5 grains (0.032-0.32 gm.), administered in 
capsules, cachets, alcoholic solution, or dry on the tongue. 

Large doses cause headache, dizziness, trembling, 
cyanosis, and profuse sweating. 

Fennel (Fceniculum). — Action and Uses. — Fennel is 
the fruit of a perennial herb {Fceniculum capellaceum) 
growing in southern Europe. It is an agreeable car- 
minative and aromatic. 

Dose. — Oil of Fennel (Oleum Fceniculi). — From 1 to 
5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Water of Fennel (Aqua Fceniculi). — From 1 to 8 drams 
(4-30 c.c). 

An infusion, made by adding 3 drams of the seeds to 
1 pint of boiling water, is sometimes used as an enema 
to expel flatus in infants. 

Ferram. — (See Iron) 

Fig (Ficus). — Action and Uses. — Figs are used as 
a laxative and demulcent. When eaten too freely, they 
are apt to cause painful diarrhea and flatulence. They 
are sometimes applied locally as a poultice to inflamed 
gums by splitting them and applying them roasted. 

Filix-mas. — (See Aspidium) 

Flax-seed (Linum ; Linseed). — Action and Uses. — 
Flax-seed tea is used internally as a demulcent drink in 
allaying cough and in forming a soothing protectant for 
inflamed mucous membranes. 

Externally, a mixture of equal parts of linseed oil and 
lime-water, known as Carron oil, makes a soothing appli- 
cation for burns. The ground seed (flax-seed meal) is 



124 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

extensively used in making poultices. The whole seeds 
are employed in making flax-seed tea. 

Flax-seed Tea. — Take of flax-seed (whole), i ounce; 
white sugar, I tablespoonful ; licorice root, 2 small 
sticks ; lemon-juice, 4 tablespoonfuls. Pour on these 
materials a quart of boiling water ; let it stand in a hot 
place for an hour and then strain. Another method is 
to pour 1 quart of boiling water over 5 ounces of flax- 
seed, boil from one-half to three-quarters of an hour, 
stand in a hot place for fifteen minutes, strain, and add 
lemon-juice and sugar to taste. 

Formalin. — Action and Uses. — This is a colorless 
liquid having a very pungent odor and a caustic taste. 
It is a 40 per cent, solution of formaldehyd gas in water. 
Formaldehyd gas is prepared by heating wood-alcohol. 
Formalin is an active germicide and deodorant. As a 
germicide it is little, if at all, inferior to corrosive subli- 
mate. It does not corrode or tarnish metals nor injure, 
either in texture or color, the finest fabrics. As a de- 
odorant, it removes immediately the odor of feces, urine, 
and gangrenous material. 

The vapor of formalin (formaldehyd) is intensely irri- 
tating, causing, when inhaled, redness of the eyes, lacri- 
mation, and severe congestion of the mucous membrane 
of the respiratory tract. On cutaneous surfaces prolonged 
contact is apt to be followed by an obstinate eczematous 
rash. Formalin is not very poisonous, though large 
doses are capable of exciting burning in the throat and 
stomach, vomiting, purging, dyspnea, cyanosis, stupor, 
and collapse. The antidote is ammonia-water, which 
forms with formaldehyd the non-poisonous compound 
known as urotropin. 

Formaldehyd is the best surface disinfectant we possess 



GAMBOGE. 125 

for rooms. The gas can be generated in sufficient quan- 
tity by vaporizing in a suitable lamp tablets of paraform, 
a crystalline form of formaldehyd, or by subjecting a fine 
stream of formalin by means of a special apparatus to a 
high degree of heat. A sufficient quantity of gas for 
fumigation cannot be secured by simply boiling com- 
mercial formalin, as the latter, when vaporized in an open 
vessel, is speedily crystallized into paraform. Formal- 
dehyd has little penetrating power, hence it cannot sup- 
plant heat as a disinfectant for bedding, carpets, books, 
etc. 

Formalin is most too irritating for use as an antiseptic 
in general surgery, but solutions of from 1 : 1000 to 
I : 500 are sometimes used for irrigating suppurating 
cavities. Instruments can be sterilized by placing them 
in a solution of formalin (1 : 2000) or by exposing them 
for ten minutes in an air-tight vessel to the vapor evolved 
from a 5 -grain tablet of paraform. 

A 5 per cent, solution of formalin (1 to 20 parts of 
water) is a reliable disinfectant for stools and sputa. A 
lotion (1 : 50 of water) is useful in excessive sweating of 
the feet. 

Fowler's Solution.— (See Arsenic) 

Gallic Acid.— (See Acids') 

Gamboge (Cambogia). — Action and Uses. — Gam- 
boge is a gum-resin obtained from a laurel-like tree (Gar- 
cinia Hanburii) growing in the East Indies. It is a pow- 
erful drastic cathartic, capable, in overdoses, of producing 
severe inflammation of the stomach and intestine. It is 
rarely given alone, but in combination with less active 
cathartics. It is one of the ingredients of the compound 
cathartic pill. 

Dose, J to 5 grains (0.03-0.3 gm.). 



126 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Garlic (Allium). — Action and Uses. — Garlic is the 
bulb of a plant (Allium sativum) largely cultivated in 
temperate climates. It contains a volatile oil. It has 
been used as a stimulant expectorant in bronchitis. 

Dose. — Syrup of Garlic (Syrupus Allii). — From i to 4 
drams (4-15 c.c). 

Gaultheria (Wintergreen). — Action and Uses. — This 
is the leaves of an evergreen plant (Gaultheria pro- 
cumbens) growing in the woods of North America. It 
contains a volatile oil, which is composed almost entirely 
of methyl salicylate (see Methyl Salicylate). Oil of gaul- 
theria is used as a substitute for salicylic acid and the 
salicylates in the treatment of rheumatism. It is also an 
agreeable flavoring agent. 

Dose. — Oil of Gaultheria (Oleum Gaultheriae). — From 
5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c.) on sugar, in capsules, or in 
emulsion. It is also applied locally as a liniment. 

Gelsemium (Yellow Jasmine). — Action and Uses. — 
Gelsemium is the roots of a beautiful climber (Gelsemium 
sempervirens) growing in the southern United States. It 
contains an alkaloid, gelsemin. Gelsemium is a depressant 
of the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Large doses de- 
press also the heart and respiration. It is employed as 
an analgesic in trifacial neuralgia and as an antispasmodic 
in such affections as asthma, whooping-cough, and wry- 
neck. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Gelsemium (Extractum Gel- 
semii Fluidum). — From 2 to 10 minims (0.12-0.6 c.c). 

Tincture of Gelsemium (Tinctura Gelsemii). — From 10 
to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Gelsemin (Gelsemina). — An alkaloid of gelsemium — 
A to A" g ra i n (0.001-0.002 gm.). 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — Dizziness, headache, disor- 



GERANIUM. 127 

dered vision, dilatation of the pupils, falling of the eyelids, 
dropping of the jaw, great muscular relaxation, slow, 
labored respiration, loss of voice, a cold, clammy skin, 
lowered temperature, and a feeble, thready pulse. The 
mind is usually clear until near the end. 

Treatment. — This consists in evacuating the stomach, 
in administering tannic acid as an antidote, and heart- 
stimulants to combat relapse, and in maintaining the sur- 
face temperature by means of external heat. The pa- 
tient must be kept absolutely quiet and in a horizontal 
position. 

Gentian (Gentiana). — Action and Uses. — Gentian is 
the root of a perennial herb {Gentiana luted) growing in 
the mountains of Europe. It is a simple bitter or sto- 
machic, in moderate doses increasing the appetite and 
stimulating digestion. 

Dose. — Extract of Gentian (Extractum Gentianae). — 
From 1 to 5 grains (0.065-0.3 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Gentia7i (Extractum Gentianae Flui- 
dum). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Compound Infusion of Gentian (Infusum Gentianae 
Compositum). — From 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). This in- 
fusion contains gentian root, fresh lemon-peel, and bitter 
orange-peel. 

Compound Tincture of Gentian (Tinctura Gentianae 
Composita). — From \ to 2 drams (2-8 c.c), given half 
an hour before meals. 

Geranium (Crane's Bill). — Action and Uses. — Ge- 
ranium is the root of a perennial herb (Geranium macu- 
latum) growing in the woody places of North America. 
It is a mild and agreeable astringent. Its action is similar 
to that of tannic acid, of which it contains about 20 per 
cent. It is used internally in diarrhea after any irritant 



128 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

that the bowel may contain has been removed by a laxa- 
tive. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Geranium (Extractum Geranii 
Fluidum). — From J to I dram (2-4 c.c.). 

Decoction of Geranium (Decoctum Geranii). — From 1 
to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c), made by boiling 1 ounce of the 
root in 3 half-pints of water down to 1 pint. 

Gin.— (See Alcohol) 

Ginger (Zingiber). — Action and Uses. — Ginger is the 
root of a perennial herb {Zingiber officinale) growing in 
tropic countries. It is a carminative and gastric stimu- 
lant. It is used to relieve flatulency and to prevent the 
griping tendency of some purgative medicines. It is also 
much employed for flavoring purposes. Externally it is 
a rubefacient. 

Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Ginger (Extractum Zingiberis Flui- 
dum). — From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Ginger (Tinctura Zingiberis). — From 20 
minims to I dram (1.2-4.0 c.c). 

Oleoresin of Ginger (Oleoresina Zingiberis). — From J 
to I minim (0.03-0.06 c.c). 

Syrup of Ginger (Syrupus Zingiberis). — From J to 4 
drams (1.8- 15.0 c.c). 

Troches of Ginger (Trochisci Zingiberis). — One as 
required. Each troche contains about 3 minims of 
tincture of ginger. They are used to stimulate the 
salivary secretion. 

Glauber's Salt. — (See Sodium Sulphate) 

Glonoin. — (See Nitroglycerin) 

Glycerin (Glycerinum). — Action and Uses. — Gly- 
cerin is a sweet, syrupy liquid produced by the action of 
superheated steam on fats or as a by-product in the 



GLYCERIN. 129 

manufacture of soap by the action of alkalis on fats. 
Internally, glycerin is used as a laxative, and as a sweet- 
ening agent when sugar is forbidden, as in diabetes. 
Locally, it is employed in the form of lotions or oint- 
ments as an emollient in chapped hands, fissured nipples, 
etc., and as an agreeable vehicle for remedies intended 
for use in the mouth, nose, and throat. Undiluted gly- 
cerin often acts as an irritant when applied to sensitive 
skins. A paste made by mixing glycerin with porcelain 
clay and applied hot is sometimes used as a substitute for 
poultices. Suppositories and enemata of glycerin afford 
a ready method of unloading the bowel in simple consti- 
pation. 

Dose, 1 to 2 drams (4 to 8 c.c). An agreeable mouth- 
wash consists of equal parts of glycerin and water and a 
few drops of lemon-juice. 

Glycerin Enema (Enema Glycerini). — From J to 2 
ounces (15-60 c.c.) of glycerin mixed with the same 
amount of warm soapsuds. 

Glycerin Suppositories (Suppositoria Glycerini). — One 
as required. 

Glycerite of Carbolic ^/a? (Glyceritum Acidi Carbolici). 
— A syrupy liquid containing 20 per cent, of carbolic 
acid. Used externally. 

Glycerite of Tannic Acid (Glyceritum Acidi Tannici). — 
A syrupy liquid containing 20 per cent, of tannic acid. 
It is used internally and externally for the same pur- 
poses as tannic acid. Dose, 10 to 16 minims (0.6- 
4.0 c.c). 

Glycerite of Starch (Glyceritum Amyli). — Used as a 
protective. 

Glycerite of Boroglycerin (Glyceritum Boroglycerini). — 
A syrupy liquid containing 50 per cent, of boroglycerin, 
9 



130 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDICA FOR NURSES. 

a preparation made by heating together boric acid and 
glycerin. It is used externally. 

Glycerite of Yolk of Egg (Glyceritum Vitelli). — A 
syrupy liquid containing 45 per cent, of fresh yolk of 
egg. It is used in making emulsions. 

Glycyrrhisa (Licorice-root). — (See Licorice.) 

Gold (Aurum). — Action and Uses. — The salts of 
gold are sometimes used as alteratives in the same 
class of cases in which arsenic has been found to be 
beneficial. 

Preparations. — Gold Bromid (Auri Bromidum). — 
Dose, -|- to J grain (0.013-0.032 gm.). 

Gold Chlorid (Auri Chloridum). — Dose, y^ to -^ 
grain (0.0006-0.0032 gm.). 

Gold and Sodium Chlorid (Ami et Sodii Chloridum). — 
Contains equal parts of gold chlorid and sodium chlorid. 
Dose, -^ to y^ grain (0.0032-0.0064 gm.). 

Gold and Potassium Bromid (Auri et Potassii Brom- 
idum). — Dose, "to" to -|- grain (0.0064-0.02 gm.). 

Gossypium. — (See Cotton-root) 

Granatum. — (See Pomegranate) 

Goulards Extract. — (See Lead) 

Gray Powder (Mercury with Chalk ; Hydrargyrum 
cum Creta). — (See Mercury) 

Grindelia. — Action and Uses. — Grindelia is the 
leaves and flowering tops of a perennial herb {Grindelia 
robustd) growing in North America, west of the Rocky 
Mountains. It is an antispasmodic, stimulant, and ex- 
pectorant. It is often of service in bronchitis, especially 
when there is asthma. Externally, it is used as an ano- 
dyne lotion in the strength of 1 part of the fluid extract 
to 10 of water in ivy-poisoning, erysipelas, and other 
inflammatory affections of the skin. 



GUAIACOL. I31 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Grindelia (Extractum Grin- 
deliae Fluidum). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c.). 

Guaiac (Guaiacum ; Lignum Vitae). — Action and 
Uses. — Guaiac wood and guaiac resin are the heart- 
wood and resin respectively of a large tree (Guaiacum 
officinale) growing in the West Indies. The resin is the 
form in which the drug is chiefly employed medicinally. 
It is employed as an alterative in sore throat, gout, and 
chronic rheumatism. 

Dose. — Guaiac Resin (Guaiaci Resina). — From 5 to 30 
grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Tincture of Guaiac (Tinctura Guaiaci). — From J to 1 
dram (2-4 c.c). 

Ammoniated Tincture of Guaiac (Tinctura Guaiaci Am- 
moniata). — This contains 20 per cent, of the resin in 
aromatic spirit of ammonia — \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c.) in 
milk. 

Troches of Guaiac (Trochisci Guaiaici Compositi). — One 
as required. 

Gtiaiacol (Guaiacolum). — Guaiacol is the chief con- 
stituent of creasote. It is a colorless liquid, having an 
unpleasant aromatic odor and taste. With acids it forms 
crystalline salts. Its action closely resembles that of car- 
bolic acid and creasote. Internally, it has been used as 
an expectorant in chronic bronchitis and phthisis, but the 
more elegant carbonates of creasote and guaiacol have 
largely supplanted it. When applied to the skin (10 to 
20 drops) and evaporation is prevented, it acts as a pow- 
erful antipyretic. The usual method is to rub the amount 
of guaiacol ordered into the skin of the abdomen or chest 
with a camel's-hair brush and then cover the part with a 
piece of waxed paper to prevent evaporation. As the 
fall of temperature is accompanied by profuse sweating 



I32 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

and severe prostration, this method of lowering tempera- 
ture is rarely employed. 

Dose, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.3 c.c). 

Guaiacol Carbonate (Guaiacoli Carbonas ; Duotol). — 
This is a white, insoluble powder, without odor or taste. 
It contains about 90 per cent, of pure guaiacol. It is 
used as an expectorant in bronchitis and as an intestinal 
antiseptic in diarrhea. Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.) 
in powders or capsules. 

Thiocol (Potassium Guaiacol Sulphonate). — This salt 
of guaiacol differs from the carbonate in being soluble in 
water. Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.) in aromatic 
water. 

Guaiacol Benzoate (Benzosol). — This is an odorless 
and tasteless crystalline powder, containing about 54 per 
cent, of guaiacol. It is less active than the carbonate of 
guaiacol, although it is used for the same purposes. 
Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.) in powders or capsules. 

Gtiarana. — Action and Uses. — This is a dried paste 
consisting of the crushed seeds of a climbing shrub 
(Paullinia cup and) growing in Brazil. It owes its activ- 
ity to caffein, of which it contains about 5 per cent. It 
is used chiefly to relieve nervous headache. 

Dose, 1 to 1 dram (2-4 gm.) mixed with water. 

Fluid Extract of Guarana (Extractum Guaranae 
Fluidum). — From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Gum Arabic. — (See Acacia^) 

Hamamelis (Witch-hazel). — Action and Uses. — 
Hamamelis is the leaves of a woody shrub {Hamamelis 
virginiand) growing in North America. It contains a 
small amount of tannic acid. It is used both internally 
and externally as an astringent and a hemostatic. Ex- 
ternally, it is also much used in the form of a lotion in 



HO MA TR OP IN H YDR OBR OMA TE, 1 3 3 

bruises, sprains, local inflammations, etc. The prepara- 
tion usually employed is the distilled extract, made from 
young twigs macerated in water and alcohol. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Hamamelis (Extractum 
Hamamelidis Fluidum). — From \ to 1 dram (2-4 ex.). 

Distilled Extract of Hamamelis (Aqua Hamamelidis 
Spirituosa). — From I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Hellebore, American. — (See Veratrum Viride) 

Hematoxylon. — (See Logwood) 

Henbane. — (See Hyoscyamus) 

Heroin. — This is an alkaloid prepared artificially from 
morphin. It has feeble analgesic and hypnotic prop- 
erties. It is especially employed in allaying severe cough 
in bronchitis and phthisis and as a sedative in asthma. 

Dose, y 1 ^- to \ of a grain (0.005-0.008 gm.). 

Hoffmann's Anodyne (Compound Spirit of Ether; 
Spiritus yEtheris Compositus). — Action and Uses. — 
Hoffmann's anodyne is a mixture of ether, alcohol, and 
ethereal oil, the last being the product of the action of 
sulphuric acid on ether. It is a colorless, inflammable 
liquid, having an ethereal odor and taste. It is an excel- 
lent general stimulant and antispasmodic. It is especially 
useful in palpitation the result of flatulency, in hiccup, 
and in asthma. 

Dose, J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Homatropin Hydrobromate (Homatropinae Hy- 
drobromas). — Action and Uses. — Homatropin resembles 
in its action atropin, from which it is derived. It is 
largely used as a mydriatic, and while its action is as 
prompt, though probably not so energetic, as atropin, 
the dilatation of the pupil lasts only, as a rule, from 
two to three days, while that of atropin lasts from eight 
to ten days. 



134 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Dose, in solution, in the strength of 4 grains (0.26 gm.) 
to 1 ounce (30 c.c.) of distilled water. 

Honey (Mel). — Action and Uses. — Honey is demul- 
cent, nutritive, and slightly laxative. It is chiefly used 
as a vehicle. 

Dose, 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Honey of Rose (Mel Rosae). — It is slightly astringent, 
and is used as an application for the mouth and throat in 
combination with other agents. Dose, 1 to 2 drams (4-8 
c.c). 

Clarified Honey (Mel Despumatum). — Dose, 1 to 2 
drams (4-8 c.c). 

Oxymel, a domestic remedy for colds and sore throat, 
is a mixture containing 5 ounces each of vinegar and 
water and 40 ounces of honey. 

Hops (Humulus). — Action and Uses. — Hops are the 
dried fruit of a perennial climber {Humulus lupulus\ 
cultivated in most temperate countries. A glandular 
powder is separated from the hops by thrashing and is 
known as lupulin. Hops act as a bitter tonic and a 
feeble hypnotic. A hop-poultice, made by moistening 
with hot-water hops contained in a gauze bag, is used to 
relieve pain. Hop-pillows are sometimes employed to 
promote sleep in fevers ; their action is not due to any 
principle contained in the hops, but to their softness and 
elasticity. 

Dose. — Tincture of Hops (Tinctura Humuli). — From 
2 to 4 drams (8-15 c.c). 

Lupulin (Lupulinum). — From 3 to 5 grains (0.2- 
0.3 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Lupulin (Extractum Lupulini Fluidum). 
— From \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 



HYDROGEN PEROXID. 1 35 

Oleoresin of Lupulin (Oleoresina Lupulini). — From 5 to 
10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c). 

Horse-nettle (Solanum Carolinense). — The fluid ex- 
tract of horse-nettle has been used with some success in 
epilepsy. 

Dose, J to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Huxham's Tincture.— (See Cinchona) 

Hydrargyrum. — (See Mercury) 

Hydrastis (Golden Seal). — Action and Uses. — Hy- 
drastis is the root of a perennial herb {Hydrastis cana- 
densis) growing in the woodlands of North America. It 
contains the alkaloids hydrastin y berberin, and canadin. 
Internally, it is a stomachic, hemostatic, and oxytocic. 
Locally, it is an astringent. It is chiefly of service in 
certain catarrhal inflammations and as a hemostatic in 
uterine hemorrhage. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Hydrastis (Extractum Hy- 
drastis Fluidum). — From \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Tincture of Hydrastis (Tinctura Hydrastis). — From \ 
to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Glycerite of Hydrastis (Glyceritum Hydrastis). — From 
\ to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Hydrastin (Hydrastina). — From \ to \ grain (0.016- 
0.03 gm.). As a wash, \ to 2 grains (0.03-0.13 gm.) to 
1 ounce (30 c.c) of water. 

Hydrastinin Hydrochlorate (Hydrastininae Hy- 
drochloras). — This is an artificial alkaloid obtained by 
oxidizing hydrastin. It is used chiefly for uterine hem- 
orrhage. 

Dose, \ to 1 grain (0.016-0.06 gm.). 

Hydrogen Peroxid (Hydrogen Dioxid ; Aqua Hy- 
drogenii Dioxidi). — Action and Uses. — The commercial 
preparation is a 3 per cent, aqueous solution of dioxid 



I36 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

of hydrogen gas. Its strength is impaired with age. It 
should be kept in a cool, dark place, and not too tightly- 
stoppered. 

On account of the readiness with which it parts with 
oxygen when brought in contact with organic matter, 
peroxid of hydrogen effervesces in the presence of pus, 
blood, and mucus. Owing to its oxidizing power it is 
also an energetic antiseptic, germicide, and deodorant. 
It is much used for cleansing septic wounds, abscess 
cavities, and inflamed mucous membranes, such as those 
of the nose and throat. 

As it is an active bleaching agent, it must be used with 
caution about the face and head. 

Peroxid of hydrogen readily decomposes when brought 
in contact with metals. If used as a spray, a glass 
atomizer must be employed. It is usually applied diluted 
with from 1 to 3 parts of water. 

HyoscyatntlS (Henbane). — Action and Uses. — Hy- 
oscyamus is the leaves and flowers of an herb {Hyoscy- 
amus niger) growing in waste places in most temperate 
countries. It contains two alkaloids, hyoscin and hyoscy- 
amin. The action of hyoscyamus resembles that of 
belladonna and stramonium, but it is more sedative, owing 
to its alkaloid, hyoscin. Like atropin, hyoscin dilates the 
pupils and checks secretions, but, unlike atrgpin, it 
depresses the brain and respiration. It is chiefly used 
as a nerve-sedative and hypnotic. It is a powerful 
depressant, and its effect, especially on the respiration, 
must be carefully watched. 

The action of hyoscyamin is almost exactly the same 
as that of atropin. 

Hyoscyamus is used externally in the form of fomen- 
tations to relieve pain and to allay irritation. 



ICHTHALBIN. 1 37 

The symptoms of poisoning 1 are similar to those of 
belladonna, dilatation of the pupils and dryness of the 
throat being the first symptoms. Sometimes, after a 
large dose has been taken, the patient cannot see clearly 
to read. The nurse should bear in mind this effect of 
the drug, and assure the patient that the symptom will 
pass away in a little while. 

Dose. — Extract of Hyoscyamus (Extractum Hyos- 
cyami). — From J to 3 grains (0.03-0.2 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Hyoscyamus (Extractum Hyoscyami 
Fluidum). — From 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Tincture of Hyoscyamus (Tinctura Hyoscyami). — From 
J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Hyoscin Hydrobromate (Hyoscinae Hydrobromas). — 
From -rjfa to -fa grain (0.00032-0.0008 gm.). 

Hyoscyamin Hydrobromate (Hyoscyaminae Hydrobro- 
mas). — From y^-q- to -^ grain (00004-0.0013 gm.). 

Ichthyol (Ammonium Sulpho-ichthyolate). — Action 
and Uses. — Ichthyol is a thick, brownish liquid with a 
bituminous odor and taste, obtained from a deposit of 
fossil fish found in the Tyrol mountains. It is rich in 
sulphur. 

Locally, in the form of an ointment, it has been found 
very useful as a sedative, antiseptic, and alterative in 
various inflammatory conditions, such as facial erysipelas, 
articular rheumatism, frost-bite, sprains, and enlarged 
lymph-glands. From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 gm.) of ich- 
thyol to the ounce (30 gm.) of lard or vaselin is the 
strength usually employed. 

Internally, ichthyol has been used to some extent as 
an alterative in tuberculosis and chronic rheumatism. 
Dose, 2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.65 gm.) in capsules or pills. 

Ichthalbin. — This is a compound of ichthyol and 



138 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

albumin. It is odorless and nearly tasteless. It is some- 
times used as a substitute for ichthyol. Dose, 5 to 20 
grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Ichthoform. — This is a compound of ichthyol and 
formaldehyd. It has been recommended as a substitute 
for iodoform. 

Ichthargan. — This is a compound of ichthyol and 
metallic silver. It has been recommended as an anti- 
septic (1 : 10,000 to 1 : 1000) in inflammatory affections 
of mucous membranes. 

Inula (Elecampane). — Action and Uses. — Inula is 
the root of a perennial herb {Inula heleniuni) growing in 
central Europe and Asia. It contains a volatile oil, a 
bitter principle, and a starch-like substance known as 
inulin. It is chiefly used as a domestic remedy in bron- 
chitis and amenorrhea. 

Dose, 20 to 60 grains (1.3-4.0 gm.). It is usually 
given in a decoction, prepared by boiling J ounce of the 
root in a pint of water. The dose of the latter is 1 to 2 
ounces (30-60 c.c). 

Iodids. — The most important metallic salts of iodin 
are potassium iodid, sodium iodid, ammonium iodid, 
strontium iodid, and lead iodid. 

Potassium Iodid (Potassium Iodidum). — This salt 
occurs as colorless crystals or as a white powder having 
a salty, acrid taste. It is very soluble in water. When 
taken internally, it is rapidly absorbed and rapidly elimi- 
nated. Small doses have no very marked physiologic 
effect beyond increasing slightly the secretion of urine. 
Large doses cause burning in the stomach, vomiting, and 
diarrhea. Prolonged use of the iodids is followed by a 
group of symptoms to which the term iodism is applied. 
This condition is characterized by frontal headache, 



IODIN. 1 39 

sneezing, running at the nose, sore throat, and an acne 
rash on the skin. 

Iodids are employed therapeutically in a number of 
diverse diseases, but the manner of their action is un- 
known. They are used as alteratives in syphilis, chronic 
rheumatism, gout, and asthma ; as absorbents in various 
inflammatory diseases, and as eliminants in chronic 
metallic poisoning, especially from lead and mercury. 
Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.), after meals, well 
diluted, preferably in milk. 

Sodium Iodid (Sodii Iodidum). — This salt closely 
resembles potassium iodid in its therapeutic properties, 
but it is somewhat better borne by the stomach. Dose, 
5 to 3° grains (0.3-2.0 gm.), administered in the same 
manner as potassium iodid. 

Ammonium Iodid (Ammonii Iodidum). — This salt 
has the same properties as potassium iodid, but is some- 
what more irritant to the stomach. Dose, 5 to 30 grains 
(0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Strontium Iodid (Strontii Iodidum). — This salt is 
not so powerful as potassium iodid, but less irritating and 
less prone to induce iodism. Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3— 
2.0 gm.). 

Lead Iodid (Plumbi Iodidum). — Lead iodid is a heavy 
yellow powder, insoluble in water. It is rarely used 
internally. Externally, in the form of the ointment 
(unguentum plumbi iodidum), it is applied with gentle 
friction as an absorbent in inflammatory affections of 
lymph-glands. 

Iodin (Iodum). — Action and Uses. — Iodin is a non- 
metallic element obtained from the ashes of seaweed. 
It is rarely used internally. Externally, iodin in the 
form of the tincture is a counterirritant and vesicant. 



I40 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

When applied to the skin, it produces a deep yellowish- 
brown stain, causes slight pain, and, subsequently, des- 
quamation. From one to three coats are applied with a 
swab or camel's-hair brush, each coat being allowed to 
dry and the skin to desquamate before another is added. 
As a counterirritant it is applied in a great variety of 
inflammatory processes. 

Acute Poisoning". — Symptoms. — Iodin is an irritant 
poison, producing severe burning pain in the throat, 
stomach, and abdomen, vomiting and purging, salivation, 
a strong metallic taste in the mouth, a feeble, rapid pulse, 
pale face, and suppression of urine. The vomited matter 
has the odor of iodin, and when starchy food has been 
taken, it has a blue color. 

The treatment consists in giving starch or flour stirred 
up in water, and then evacuating the stomach. External 
heat and stimulants are indicated. 

Preparations. — Tincture of Iodin (Tinctura Iodi). — 
Used locally as a counterirritant. Tincture of iodin 
should be kept in well-stoppered bottles. When ex- 
posed, it becomes stronger, owing to the evaporation of 
the alcohol. Excessive pain, induced by the too free 
use of the tincture, may be relieved by applications of 
oil or of starch paste. 

Compound Solution of Iodin (Lugol's Solution ; Liquor 
Iodi Compositus). — This is a solution of iodin in an 
aqueous solution of potassium iodid. Used externally. 

ChurchilVs Tincture of Iodin. — This is made by dis- 
solving iodin in a solution of potassium iodid in alcohol 
and water. It is stronger than the ordinary tincture. 

Ointment of Iodin (Unguentum Iodi). — Used externally 
as an absorbent. 

Iodipin. — This is an addition-product of iodin with oil 



IODOL. 141 

of sesame. It is used internally and hypodermically as 
a substitute for the iodids. 

Iodoform (Iodoformum). — This is a lemon-yellow 
powder, having a peculiar penetrating odor and an un- 
pleasant sweetish taste. It contains more than 90 per 
cent, of iodin. Upon mucous membranes and raw sur- 
faces iodoform acts as an anesthetic and antiseptic. 
While it has little or no germicidal power in itself, it 
retards germ growth by liberating free iodin in the pres- 
ence of body -juices. When applied too freely to raw 
surfaces, it may be absorbed and cause poisoning. Some 
persons are very susceptible to its toxic effects. It is 
extensively employed in the dressing of infected wounds, 
ulcers, and abscess cavities. Internally, it has been used 
to some extent as an alterative in phthisis. 

Dose, 1 to 5 grains (0.065-0.32 gm.) in pill or in 
capsule. 

Iodoform Ointment (Unguentum Iodoformi). — Used 
externally. 

Iodoform Suppositories (Suppositoria Iodoformi). — 
Each suppository contains 3 grains (0.2 gm.) of iodoform. 

Toxic Effects. — The symptoms of iodoform absorp- 
tion are headache, loss of appetite, insomnia, rise of 
temperature, rapid, feeble pulse, and restlessness. These 
symptoms may pass away if the dressing is removed 
and discontinued. Grave cases are characterized by 
marked anxiety, a bright red eruption on the face and 
limbs, retention of urine, stupor, delirium, and collapse. 

Oil of turpentine will at once remove the objectionable 
odor of iodoform from the hands, instruments, and ves- 
sels that have been in contact with the drug. 

Iodol. — This is an odorless and tasteless compound 
resembling iodoform in action. It is obtained by acting 



142 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

on a principle obtained from bone oil with iodin. It is 
much more costly than iodoform. 

Iodothyrin. — This is the active constituent of the 
thyroid gland. It is a brown, insoluble powder, rich in 
iodin. The commercial preparation is a milk-sugar tri- 
turation. It is used in myxedema, goiter, obesity, and 
certain skin-diseases. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Ipecac (Ipecacuanha). — Action and Uses. — Ipecac 
is the root of a perennial shrub {Cephaelis ipecacuanha) 
growing in South America. It contains several alka- 
loids, the chief of which are emetin and cephaelin. 
Locally, powdered ipecac is an active irritant. Taken 
internally in large doses it is a slow but safe emetic. 
On account of its gentle action, it is preferred for old, 
feeble, and very young patients. Large drafts of water 
taken as soon as nausea begins hasten the emetic 
action. In small doses it is very useful as a sedative 
expectorant in acute bronchitis. In large doses it has 
been extensively employed in the treatment of tropical 
dysentery. In minute doses (1 drop) the wine of ipecac 
is a reliable antiemetic. In the form of Dover's powder 
(powder of ipecac and opium) it is employed as a mild 
diaphoretic in colds, muscular rheumatism, and influenza. 

Dose, \ to 30 grains (0.032-2.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Ipecac (Extractum Ipecacuanhas Flu- 
idum). — From 1 to 2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c.) as an ex- 
pectorant; 10 to 30 minims (0.6-1.8 c.c.) as an emetic. 

Syrup of Ipecac (Syrupus Ipecacuanhas). — From 10 
minims to 1 dram (0.6-4.0 c.c.) as an expectorant ; 2 to 
4 drams (7.5-15.0 c.c.) as an emetic. 

Tincture of Ipecac and Opium (Tinctura Ipecacuanhas 
et Opii). — This preparation represents Dover's powder 



IRON. 143 

in a liquid form. Dose, 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c), 10 
minims being equal to 1 grain of opium and 1 grain of 
ipecac. 

Powder of Ipecac and Opium (Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et 
Opii; Dover's Powder). — Used as a diaphoretic. Dose, 
5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). Ten grains of the pow- 
der contain I grain of opium. 

Troches (Trochisci Ipecacuanhae). — Each troche con- 
tains \ grain (0.016 gm.) of ipecac. 

Troches of Morphin and Ipecac (Trochisci Morphinae 
et Ipecacuanhae). — Expectorant and anodyne. Dose, one 
troche. Each troche contains about ■£$ grain (0.0016 
gm.) of morphin sulphate and ^ grain (0.005 g m °f 
ipecac. 

Wine of Ipecac (Vinum Ipecacuanhae). — Dose, 10 to 30 
minims (0.6-1.8 c.c); as an emetic, 1 dram (4 c.c.) every 
fifteen minutes until vomiting is induced. 

Emetin.- — This is a crystalline alkaloid of ipecac. Dose, 
T2" to i grain (0.006-0.012 gm.) as an emetic. 

Iris (Blue Flag). — Action and Uses. — Iris is the root 
of a perennial herb (Iris versicolor) growing in swampy 
places in North America. In full doses it acts as a 
cathartic, producing copious bilious stools. Its effect is 
similar to that of podophyllum. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). 

Extract of Iris (Extractum Iridis). — From 2 to 4 
grains (0.13-0.26 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Iris (Extractum Iridis Fluidum). — 
From 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c). 

Iron (Ferrum). — Action and Uses. — Internally, iron 
is a general tonic, hemostatic, and astringent. It is one 
of the normal constituents of the body, especially of the 
blood, and may be considered a food as well as a medi- 



144 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

cine. In small doses it increases the number of red cor- 
puscles and their hemoglobin value. But a small amount 
of iron is absorbed, the remainder being eliminated by 
the feces, bile, and urine. It imparts to the feces a black 
color, through its conversion while in the bowel into 
tannates and sulphids. The chief indication for the internal 
use of iron is anemia. Most all liquid preparations of 
iron have a more or less astringent action and are in- 
jurious to the teeth, and for this reason they should be 
taken well diluted, through a glass tube, and the mouth 
carefully rinsed afterward. Iron stains nearly everything 
with which it comes in contact. Ammonia water (pure) 
will remove the stains from silver, and oxalic acid, from 
cotton and linen goods. 

Iron sometimes causes frontal headache, irritation of 
the stomach, and constipation. Externally, iron is used 
as an astringent and a styptic. 

Preparations of Iron. — Reduced Iron (Ferrum Reduc- 
tum). — Used only as a tonic ; it has but a slight astrin- 
gent action. Dose, I to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.) in pill, 
capsule, or lozenge. 

Saccharated Iron Carbonate (Ferri Carbonas Saccha- 
ratus). — Used as a tonic. Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 
gm.). 

Compound Iron Mixture (Mistura Ferri Composita; 
Griffith's Mixture). — This is carbonate of iron in sus- 
pension with potassium sulphate, myrrh, and sugar. 
Dose, \ to 1 ounce (15-30 c.c). 

Mass of Iron Carbonate (Massa Ferri Carbonatis ; 
Vallet's Mass). — Iron carbonate with sugar and honey. 
Dose, 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Pills of Iron Carbonate (Pilulae Ferri Carbonatis; 
Blaud's Pills). — They contain equal parts of iron sul- 



IRON. I45 

phate and potassium carbonate, which, uniting, form iron 
carbonate. Dose, 1 to 3 pills. 

Iron Chlorid (Ferri Chloridum ; Ferric Chlorid). — 
Used externally as a hemostatic. 

Solution of Iron Chlorid (Liquor Ferri Chloridi). — 
Dose, 3 to 10 minims (0.2-0.6 c.c). 

Tincture of Ferric Chlorid (Tinctura Ferri Chloridi). 
— This is one of the most commonly prescribed liquid 
preparations of iron. It is used as a tonic, as an astrin- 
gent, as a diuretic, and as a special internal remedy in 
erysipelas. Dose, 5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). It should 
be taken well diluted through a glass tube to prevent 
injury to the teeth. 

Solution of Iron and Ammonium Acetate (Liquor Ferri 
et Ammonii Acetatis ; Basham's Mixture). — This prepa- 
ration is used as a tonic and as a diuretic. Dose, 1 to 4 
drams (4-15 c.c). 

Iron Hydrate (Ferri Oxidum Hydratum). — Prepared 
by adding sodium carbonate or ammonia to any liquid 
preparation of iron. It is used exclusively as an antidote 
in arsenic poisoning. Dose, 4 drams (15 c.c.) every ten 
minutes until relief is afforded. 

Iron Hydrate with Magnesia (Ferri Oxidum Hydratum 
cum Magnesia). — This preparation is made by adding 
magnesia in excess to a liquid preparation of iron. It is 
used exclusively as an antidote in arsenic poisoning. 
Dose, 4 drams (15 c.c.) every ten minutes until relief is 
afforded. 

Iron Sulphate (Ferri Sulphas ; Green Vitriol ; Cop- 
peras). — This is an astringent preparation, particularly 
useful when anemia is associated with diarrhea. It is 
used as a disinfectant, but its germicidal powers are 
feeble. Dose, 1 to 3 grains (0.06-0.2 gm.). 



146 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Iron and Ammonium Sulphate (Ferri et Ammonii Sul- 
phas ; Ammonioferric Alum). — It is employed in saturated 
solution as a local hemostatic. 

Solution of Iron Subsulphate (Liquor Ferri Subsul- 
phatis ; Monsel's Solution). — This is one of the most 
astringent preparations of iron. It is used both inter- 
nally and externally as a hemostatic. Dose, 3 to 5 
minims (0.2-0.3 c.c). 

Saccharated Iron Iodid (Ferri Iodidum Saccharatum). 
— Used as a tonic and alterative. Dose, 1 to 5 grains 
(0.06-0.3 gin.). 

Syrup of Iron Iodid (Syrupus Ferri Iodidi). — Used as 
a tonic and alterative. Dose, 5 to 60 minims (0.3-4.0 c.c), 
well diluted, through a glass tube. 

Pills of Iron Iodid (Pilulae Ferri Iodidi). — Each pill 
contains 1 grain (0.06 gm.) of iron iodid. Dose, I to 3 
pills. 

Iron Citrate (Ferri Citras). — Dose, 2 to 5 grains (o. 1 3- 
0.3 gm.). 

Iron and Ammonium Citrate (Ferri et Ammonii Citras). 
— Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Iron and Quinin Citrate (Ferri et Quininae Citras). — 
Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Iron and Strychnin Citrate (Ferri et Strychnine Citras). 
— Dose, 1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.). 

Iron and Ammonium Tartrate (Ferri et Ammonii Tar- 
tras). — Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Iron and Potassium Tartrate (Ferri et Potassii Tartras). 
— Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Soluble Iron Phosphate (Ferri Phosphas Solubilis). — 
Dose, 3 to 10 grains (0.2-0.6 gm.). 

Soluble Iron Pyrophosphate (Ferri Pyrophosphas Solu- 
bilis). — Dose, 3 to 10 grains (0.2-0.6 gm.). 



IRON. 147 

Solution of Iron Citrate (Liquor Ferri Citratis). — Dose, 
5 to 15 minims (0.3-1.0 c.c). 

Wine of Iron Citrate (Vinum Ferri Citratis). — Dose, 1 
to 3 drams (4-1 1 c.c). 

Bitter Wine of Iron (Vinum Ferri Amaru m). — Pre- 
pared from iron and ammonium acetate. Dose, 1 to 3 
drams (4-1 1 c.c). 

Syrup of Iron, Quiiiin, and Strychnin Phosphates 
(Syrupus Ferri, Quininse, et Strychninae Phosphatum). — 
Dose, 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Iron Albuminate (Ferrum Albuminatum). — Dose, 3 to 
10 grains (0.2-0.6 gm.). 

Iron Peptonate (Ferrum Peptonatum). — Dose, 3 to 10 
grains (0.2-0.6 gm.). Albuminates and peptonates of iron 
are often better borne by the stomach than the inorganic 
salts, are less injurious to the teeth, and are, perhaps, 
more readily absorbed. 

Iron Lactate (Ferri Lactas). — Dose, I to 5 grains (0.06- 
0.3 gm.). 

Iron Oxalate (Ferri Oxalas). — Dose, 3 to 5 grains 
(0.2-0.3 g m -)- 

Iron Hypophosphite (Ferri Hypophosphis). — Dose, 5 to 
10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Iron Valerianate (Ferri Valerianas). — Dose, 1 to 3 
grains (0.06-0.2 gm.). 

Solution of Iron Acetate (Liquor Ferri Acetatis). — 
Dose, 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c). 

Solution of Iron Nitrate (Liquor Ferri Nitratis). — Used 
chiefly as a local astringent. 

Iron Salicylate (Ferri Salicylas). — Dose, 5 to 10 grains 
(0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Dialyzed Iron (Ferrum Dialysatum). — This is a prepa- 
ration of the oxychlorid of iron from which the acidu- 



I48 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDICA FOR NURSES. 

lous matter has been removed. It is a dark-red, tasteless 
liquid. It is used as an antidote to arsenic. Dose, 1 to 
2 ounces (30-60 c.c), frequently repeated. 

Jaborandi.— (See Pilocarpus) 

Jalap (Jalapa).— Action and Uses. — Jalap is the tu- 
berous root of a perennial herb {Ipomcea jalapa) grow- 
ing in Mexico. It contains two glucosids, jalapin and 
convolvulin. Jalap is an active hydragogue cathartic, 
especially useful in removing dropsical accumulations 
from the body. In overdoses it causes gastro-enteritis. 

Dose, 15 to 30 grains (1-2 gm.). 

Alcoholic Extract of Jalap (Extractum Jalapae Alco- 
holicum). — From 5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). 

Compound Jalap Powder (Pulvis Jalapae Compositus). 
— From 15 to 40 grains (1.0-2.6 gm.). 

Resin of Jalap (Resina Jalapae). — From 2 to 4 grains 
(0.13-0.26 gm.) ; for a child, \ to J grain (0.01-0.032 
gm.). 

Jalap is also an important ingredient in the compound 
cathartic pill and vegetable cathartic pill. 

Jambul. — This is the root and seeds of a large tree 
{Eugenia jamboland) growing in the East Indies. It is 
used as an adjuvant to other remedies in the treatment 
of diabetes mellitus. 

Dose, of the powdered seeds, 5 to 20 grains (0.3- 
1.3 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Jambul (Extractum Jambul Fluidum). 
— From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Jamestown Weed. — (See Stramonium) 

Juniper Berries (Fructus Juniperi). — Action and 
Uses. — Juniper berries are the fruit of an evergreen 
shrub {Juniperus communis) growing in the woodlands 
of most temperate countries. They owe their activity to 



KOUMISS. 



149 



a volatile oil — oil of juniper. The action of the latter is 
similar to that of turpentine. Juniper is used as a stimu- 
lant diuretic in congestion of the kidneys, chronic Bright's 
disease, and chronic catarrh of the bladder. 

Dose. — Oil of Juniper (Oleum Juniperi). — From 5 to 15 
minims (0.3-1.0 c.c). 

Spirit of Juniper (Spiritus Juniperi). — From 1 to 4 
drams (4-15 c.c). 

Compound Spirit of Juniper (Spiritus Juniperi Com- 
positus). — Equivalent to gin, 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Infusion of Juniper (Infusum Juniperi). — One ounce 
of berries to one pint of boiling water, and allowed to 
stand one hour before using — j- to 1 ounce (15-30 c.c). 

Katnala (Rottlera). — Action and Uses. — Kamala is 
a brownish-red powder, consisting of the minute glands 
and hairs of the capsules growing on a small tree {Mal- 
lotus philippinensis) indigenous in the Philippine Islands. 
It contains a resin known as rottlerin. It is used solely 
as a remedy for tape-worm. 

Dose, 1 to 2 drams (4-8 gm.) in syrup or honey. 

Kino. — Kino is the dried juice of Pterocarpus mar- 
supium, a tall tree of India. It owes its activity to tannic 
acid. It is used solely as an astringent in diarrhea. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.) in powder. 

Infusion of Kino (Infusum Kino). — Made by adding 2 
drams of the extract to \ pint of boiling water, and strain- 
ing when cool. Dose, 1 ounce. 

Tincture of Kino (Tinctura Kino). — From 1 to 2 drams 
(4-8 c.c). 

Koumiss. — Koumiss is a nutritious and easily assimi- 
lable preparation of milk. It is prepared as follows : 
Take an ordinary beer-bottle with a patent stopper ; put 
in it 1 pint of milk, the sixth part of a cake of Fleisch- 



150 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

mann's yeast, or i tablespoonful of fresh lager-beer 
(brewer's) yeast, and J tablespoonful of white sugar 
reduced to syrup ; shake well and allow to stand in a 
refrigerator for two or three days, when it is ready to 
use. It will keep indefinitely if the bottles are laid on 
their side. Much waste can be saved by preparing the 
bottles with ordinary corks wired in position and draw- 
ing off the koumiss with a champagne-tap. Many fail- 
ures have resulted because the corks did not fit properly, 
the result being that the carbonic-acid gas escaped as 
formed and left a worthless preparation. If there is any 
curdle or thickening part resembling cheese, the mixture 
should not be used, as this indicates that fermentation has 
been prolonged beyond the proper time. It is a good 
plan gently to shake the bottles for about ten minutes 
each day to prevent the clotting of casein. 

Koumiss is often retained when the stomach will bear 
no other food. It is veiy nutritive, each quart represent- 
ing about 4 ounces of solid food and from I to 3 per 
cent, of alcohol. 

KotlSSO. — (See Cusso ; Bray era?) 

Krameria (Rhatany). — Action and Uses. — Krameria 
is the root of a low shrub {Krameria triandrd) growing 
in Peru and Bolivia. It owes its activities to tannic acid. 
It is employed as an astringent in diarrhea. 

Dose. — Extract of Krameria (Extractum Krameriae). — 
From 5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Krameria (Extractum Krameriae 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Syrup of Krameria (Syrupus Krameriae). — From \ to 
2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Tincture of Krameria (Tinctura Krameriae). — From I 
to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 



LAMELLA. 151 

Troches of Krameria (Trochisci Krameriae). — One as 
required. 

Decoction of Krameria (Decoctum Krameriae). — Made 
by adding 1 ounce of the powder to I pint of boiling 
water. Dose, 1 to 4 ounces (30-120 c.c). 

I/abarraque's Solution.— (See Chlorin) 

I/actophenin. — This compound is closely allied to 
phenacetin. Like the latter, it is an antipyretic and anal- 
gesic. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). 

lactose (Saccharum Lactis ; Sugar of Milk). — Action 
and Uses. — Lactose is the sugar obtained from the whey 
of cows' milk. It is less sweet than cane-sugar. It is 
used to sweeten infant foods and to give bulk to powders. 
In large doses it is a diuretic. 

Dose, J to 1 ounce (15-30 gm.). 

I/actucarium (Wild Lettuce). — Action and Uses. — 
Lactucarium is the dried milk-juice of an herb (Lactuca 
virosd) cultivated in southern Europe. It is a feeble hyp- 
notic and antispasmodic. 

Dose, J to 1 dram (2-4 gm.). 

Syrup of Lactucarium (Syrupus Lactucarii). — From I 
to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Tincture of Lactucarium (Tinctura Lactucarii). — From 
J to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

I/amellae. — These are small gelatin disks containing 
drugs to be inserted in the center of the lower eyelid. 
Those commonly used are : 

LamellsB Atropinae. — Disks of atropin, each of which 
contains 3-0V0 grain (0.000013 gm.) of atropin sulphate. 

Lamellae Cocainae. — Disks of cocain. Each disk 
contains y^-g- grain (0.00064 g m -) °f cocain hydro- 
chlorate. 



152 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Lamellae Physostigminae. — Disks of physostigmin. 
Each disk contains 1 J- Q grain (o.ocxx)64 gm.) of phy- 
sostigmin. 

I/anolin (Adeps Lanae Hydrosus). — Action and 
Uses. — Lanolin is a purified fat obtained from sheep's 
wool. It is used locally in skin-diseases, in the treatment 
of the eruptive fevers, during the stage of desquamation, 
and as a basis for ointments. It is rapidly absorbed and 
does not become rancid. 

laudanum. — (See Opium) 

I^avender (Lavandula). — Action and Uses. — Laven- 
der is the flowers of a shrub {Lavandula angustifolia) 
growing in southern Europe. It contains a volatile oil. 
The preparations of lavender are used as carminatives 
and agreeable vehicles. 

Dose. — Oil of Lavender (Oleum Lavandulae). — From 
i to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Spirit of Lavender (Spiritus Lavandulae). — From 10 to 
30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Compound Tincture of Lavender (Tinctura Lavandulae 
Composita). — From J to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

The compound tincture is a constituent of Fowler's 
solution (liquor potassii arsenitis). 

I^ead (Plumbum). — Metallic lead is not used in medi- 
cine ; several of its salts, however, are used both inter- 
nally and externally as sedative astringents. The drug 
is eliminated in the bile, urine, intestinal secretions, saliva, 
milk, and sweat. As its excretion is effected slowly, the 
continuous use of its preparations is liable to be followed 
by an accumulation of the metal in the tissues. 

Acute Lead-poisoning-. — Symptoms. — The soluble 
salts of lead in overdoses cause a burning sensation in 
the throat, stomach, and abdomen, a sweet, metallic taste 



LEAD. 153 

in the mouth, vomiting, purging, or obstinate constipa- 
tion, excessive thirst, paralysis, coma, and collapse. The 
vomit is white, due to the presence of chlorid of lead, 
formed by the action of the gastric juice, and the stools 
are black, due to the presence of the lead sulphid. 

Treatment consists in the use of emetics and the ad- 
ministration of the antidote, Glauber's or Epsom salts. 
The temperature should be maintained by external heat. 

Chronic Lead-poisoning'. — Chronic lead-poisoning is 
frequently seen in workmen who handle the salts of the 
metal. It also results from the constant use of hair- 
dyes and cosmetics containing lead, and from drinking 
soft water which has been conveyed through leaden 
pipes. The chief symptoms are obstinate constipation, 
colic, a blue line on the gums, " wrist-drop," anemia, con- 
vulsions, and coma. The antidotes are potassium iodid 
and Epsom or Glauber's salts. 

Lead Acetate (Sugar of Lead; Plumbi Acetas). — 
Lead acetate is used as an astringent and hemostatic. 
Dose, 1 to 3 grains (0.06-0.2 gm.) in pills, usually with 
opium. 

Lead Subacetate. — This salt is used only in solution. 
From it are made the following preparations : 

Solution of Lead Subacetate (Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis ; 
Goulard's Extract). — This solution, diluted with 3 or 4 
parts of water, is sometimes employed as a sedative 
lotion in ivy-poisoning, acute eczema, and erysipelas. 

Dilute Solution of Lead Subacetate (Liquor Plumbi 
Subacetatis Dilutus ; Lead-water). — This solution is used 
in making the mixture known as lead- water and lauda- 
num. The latter contains laudanum, 1 dram (4 c.c); 
lead- water, 4 drams (5 c.c.) ; and water, 16 drams (60 
c.c). It is used in sprains and external inflammations. 



154 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Cerate of Lead Subacetate (Ceratum Plumbi Subace- 
tatis; Goulard's Cerate). — This preparation is used ex- 
ternally as an astringent and protective in local inflam- 
mations. 

Lead Carbonate (Plumbi Carbonas ; White Lead). — 
This is an insoluble salt. It is sometimes employed ex- 
ternally in the form of an ointment or powder as a pro- 
tective in burns, scalds, and other inflammations of the 
skin. Applied over too large a surface, it may cause 
poisoning by absorption. 

Lead Iodid (Plumbi Iodidum). — This is a heavy, yel- 
low, odorless powder, almost insoluble in water. It is 
used in the form of an ointment, chiefly as an absorbent 
in inflammations of glands. 

Lead Nitrate (Plumbi Nitras). — This is the most irri- 
tant of the lead salts. It is occasionally employed as a 
caustic in the form of a powder. 

Lead Plaster (Emplastrum Plumbi). — This is an oleate 
of lead prepared by boiling together lead oxid, olive oil, 
and water. It is employed as a protective for superficial 
ulcers. It also forms the basis of many other plasters. 

Vernon (Limon). — Action and Uses. — Lemon is the 
ripe fruit of Citrus limonum, a tree growing in most sub- 
tropic countries. The juice contains citric acid, and the 
rind, a volatile oil. 

Internally, lemon-juice is a refrigerant, and makes a 
refreshing drink in fevers. It is given in the form of 
lemonade, or is added to nutritive drinks, such as barley- 
water. It is also used for the cure and prevention of 
scurvy. 

Locally, it is used as a gargle in sore throat, as a 
hemostatic in postpartum hemorrhage and epistaxis, and 
for the relief of sunburn. A solution commonly used as 



LICORICE. 155 

an application to the face in sunburn consists of bismuth 
subnitrate, 1 dram (4 gm.), lemon-juice and glycerin, 1 
ounce each (30 c.c). 

Dose. — Oil of Lemon (Oleum Limonis). — From 1 to 
5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Essence of Lemon (Spiritus Limonis). — From 30 to 60 
minims (2-4 c.c). 

Lemon-juice (Succus Limonis). — From 1 to 4 ounces 
(30-118 c.c). 

I^eptandra (Culver's Root). — Action and Uses. — 
Leptandra is the root of a perennial herb (Leptandra 
virginicd) growing in North America. It contains a 
resin known as leptandrin. It is used as a cathartic and 
hepatic stimulant. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Extract of Leptandra (Extractum Leptandrse). — From 
1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Leptandra (Extractum Leptandrae 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

I/evulose (Fruit-sugar). — This is a saccharine body 
found in most fruits and made artificially from cane- 
sugar. It is almost as sweet as cane-sugar, and is some- 
times substituted for the latter in the dietetic treatment 
of diabetes. 

Dose, 1 to 2 ounces (30-60 gm.) a day. 

I/icorice (Glycyrrhiza). — Action and Uses. — Licorice 
is the root of a perennial herb {Glycyrrhiza glabra) grow- 
ing in most temperate regions. It owes its sweet taste 
to a glucosid, glycyrrhizin. It is a mild cathartic and 
demulcent. It is also used to mask the taste of bitter 
or disagreeable substances. 

Dose. — Extract of Licorice (Extractum Glycyrrhizae). 
— From 5 to 100 grains (0.3-6.5 gm.). 



156 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Pure Extract of Licorice (Extractum Glycyrrhizae Pu- 
rum). — From 5 to 100 grains (0.3-6.5 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Licorice (Extractum Glycyrrhizae Flu- 
idum). — From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin (Glycyrrhizinum Ammonia- 
turn). — From 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.). 

Compound Licorice Powder (Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Com- 
positus). — From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). This prepara- 
tion contains also senna and sulphur and is used as a 
mild laxative. 

Brown Mixture (Compound Licorice Mixture ; Mis- 
tura Glycyrrhizae Composita). — From 1 to 4 drams (4- 
15 c.c). 

Troches of Licorice and Opium (Trochisci Glycyrrhizae 
et Opii). — Each troche contains 2 grains (0.13 gm.) of 
extract of licorice and -^ grain (0.005 g m -) °f opium. 
Dose, one as required. 

I/itne. — (See Calcium?) 

I/inimentS (Linimenta). — Liniments are liquid prepa- 
rations intended for external use. With the exception 
of belladonna liniment and lime liniment, which have a 
sedative effect, they are of a stimulating character and 
to be applied with friction. 

Ammonia Liniment (Linimentum Ammoniae ; Vola- 
tile Liniment). — Used as a rubefacient. The practice of 
saturating flannel with liniment of ammonia or of chloro- 
form and binding it on the skin should be avoided, as it 
is liable to cause blistering or even sloughing. 

Belladonna Liniment (Linimentum Belladonnae). — 
Used as an anodyne in local inflammations. 

Lime Liniment (Linimentum Calcis ; Carron Oil). — 
This consists of equal parts of lime-water and linseed 
oil. It is used on burns and scalds. 



LITHIUM. 157 

Camphor Liniment (Linimentum Camphorae). — Used 
as a rubefacient in sprains and bruises. 

Chloroform Liniment (Linimentum Chloroformi). — 
Used as a rubefacient. 

Soap Liniment (Linimentum Saponis). — Used as a 
mild rubefacient and as a basis for other liniments. 

Soft-soap Liniment (Linimentum Saponis Mollis; 
Tincture of Green Soap). — Used as a mild rubefacient 
and also to remove crusts and scales in chronic inflam- 
matory skin-diseases. 

Compound Mustard Liniment (Linimentum Sinapis 
Compositum). — Used as a rubefacient. 

Turpentine Liniment (Linimentum Terebinthinae). — 
Used as a rubefacient. 

Turpentine and Acetic Acid Liniment (Linimentum 
Terebinthinae Aceticum). — This is a powerful rubefacient. 

lyinseed. — (See Flax-seed^) 

I/ithitltu. — The action of the lithium salts is very 
similar to that of potassium. They lessen the acidity 
of the urine and aid in the elimination of uric acid by 
the kidneys. They are also diuretic. They are chiefly 
used in gout and the uric-acid diathesis. 

Preparations. — Lithium Carbonate (Lithii Carbonas). 
— Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Lithium Citrate (Lithii Citras). — Dose, 5 to 20 grains 
(0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Effervescent Lithium Citrate (Lithii Citras Efferves- 
cens). — Dose, 1 to 2 drams (4-8 gm.). 

Lithium Salicylate (Lithii Salicylas). — Dose, 5 to 20 
grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Lithium Benzoate (Lithii Benzoas). — Dose, 5 to 20 
grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Lithium Bromid (Lithii Bromidum). — This is the thera- 



158 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

peutic equivalent of sodium bromid. Dose, 10 to 60 
grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

IyObelia (Indian Tobacco). — Action and Uses. — 
Lobelia is the leaves and tops of an herb {Lobelia inflatd) 
growing in North America. It contains a liquid alkaloid 
known as lobelin. Lobelia is an antispasmodic, expec- 
torant, emetic, and motor depressant. It is chiefly used 
as an antispasmodic in asthma. 

Poisoning'. — The symptoms are nausea, vomiting, purg- 
ing, profuse sweating, a rapid, feeble pulse, pale skin, 
livid face, muscular relaxation, paralysis, stupor, coma, 
and collapse. 

Treatment. — Evacuation of stomach, external heat, 
heart-stimulants, and demulcent drinks. 

Fluid Extract of Lobelia (Extractum Lobeliae Fluidum. 
— From 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c.) ; as an emetic, 16 
to 60 minims (1-4 c.c). Its action as an emetic is so 
depressing that it is now rarely used. 

Tincture of Lobelia (Tinctura Lobeliae). — From 5 to 
20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c.) ; as an emetic, I to 2 drams (4-8 
c.c). 

Infusion of Lobelia (Infusum Lobeliae). — One ounce to 
1 pint of water. Dose, 1 to 6 drams (4-22 c.c). It is 
sometimes used externally as a lotion in the treatment of 
ivy-poisoning. 

Lobelin Sulphate (Lobelinae Sulphas). — From |- to 1 
grain (0.01-0.06 gm.). 

I/Ogwood (Hematoxylon). — Action and Uses. — 
Logwood is the wood of a small tree {Hcematoxylon 
campechianmn) growing in Central America. It contains 
tannic acid and a coloring principle, hematoxylin. It is 
used chiefly as a mild astringent in the diarrhea of 
children. It imparts to the stools a blood-red color. 



MAGNESIUM. 1 59 

Dose. — Extract of Hematoxylon (Extractum Haema- 
toxyli). — From 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Hematoxylon (Extractum Haema- 
toxyli Fluidum). — From 1 to 4 drams (2-15 c.c). 

IvOSOphan. — Action and Uses. — Losophan is an 
iodin-containing antiseptic, appearing as colorless, odor- 
less crystals, soluble in diluted alcohol but insoluble in 
water. It is sometimes employed in the form of an 
ointment or alcoholic solution (1 to 10 per cent.) in the 
treatment of parasitic skin-diseases. 

I^Ugol's Solution. — (See lodin) 

IyUpulin. — (See Hops) 

I^ycopodium. — Lycopodium is a fine yellow powder 
composed of the spores of certain species of moss. It 
is used chiefly as a protective and absorbent in chapping 
of the skin. 

I^ysol. — This is a brown, oily liquid, having the odor 
of creasote, obtained from tar-oils, and containing about 
50 per cent, of cresols. 

Lysol is used in surgical and gynecologic practice as a 
disinfectant and antiseptic. When added to water, it forms 
a clear, soapy liquid, which may be used for the disin- 
fection of the hands of the surgeon and the patient's 
skin without the addition of soap. On account of its 
saponaceous character it cannot be used for instruments, 
as it renders them slippery. It is used in solutions of the 
strength of from 1 to 5 per cent. To make a 1 per cent, 
solution, 10 drams of lysol are added to 1 gallon of water. 
While lysol is a comparatively safe and unirritating anti- 
septic, it is not altogether harmless, poisoning from its 
absorption not being very rare. 

Magendie's Solution. — (See Opium) 

Magnesium. — The metal magnesium is not employed 



160 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

in medicine; its salts, however, are much used as ca- 
thartics. 

Magnesium Oxid. — Magnesium oxid is official in two 
forms : Magnesia (light or calcined magnesia) and mag- 
nesia ponderosa (heavy magnesia). Both forms occur as 
white, insoluble powders, the only difference being in 
their weight. 

Magnesia is used internally as a mild laxative, as an 
antacid, and as an antidote in arsenical poisoning. It is 
also employed externally as a dusting-powder in chafing. 
Dose, 10 to 60 grains (0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Magnesium Carbonate (Magnesii Carbonas).— Mag- 
nesium carbonate is a white, odorless, insoluble powder, 
having a slightly earthy taste. It is used for the same 
purposes as magnesium oxid. Dose, 10 to 60 grains 
(0.6-4.0 gm.). 

Magnesium Sulphate (Magnesii Sulphas; Epsom 
Salt). — This is a soluble salt having an unpleasant, bitter, 
saline taste. It is an active cathartic, producing copious 
watery stools without much intestinal irritation. It is an 
excellent cathartic for unloading the bowels of irritant 
material in acute inflammatory diseases of the intestines. 
By depleting the intestinal vessels it is of service in pro- 
moting the absorption of dropsical accumulations. It is 
also valuable as an antidote in acute poisoning by acetate 
of lead and carbolic acid. Dose, 1 to 8 drams (4-30 gm.). 

As an enema : magnesium sulphate, 2 ounces (60 gm.) ; 
glycerin, 1 ounce (30 c.c.) ; and warm water, 4 ounces 
(120 c.c). 

Solution of Magnesium Citrate (Liquor Magnesii 
Citratis). — This is an effervescing solution of magnesium 
citrate containing a small quantity of free citric acid and 
sugar. In small doses it is an agreeable laxative; in 



MANNA. l6l 

large doses, a purgative. Dose, 6 to 12 ounces (180- 
360 c.c.). 

Effervescent Magnesium Citrate (Magnesii Citras 
Effervescens). — This preparation is a white, granular salt 
which effervesces on the addition of water. It is intended 
as a substitute for the solution of magnesium citratis, 
but it is neither so pleasant nor so efficacious as the 
latter. Dose, 1 to 4 drams (4-15 gm.) dissolved in cold 
water and swallowed while effervescing. 

Male Fern. — (See Aspidium) 

Malt (Maltum). — Action and Uses. — Malt is barley- 
seed brought to the early stage of germination by arti- 
ficial means and then dried. It contains diastase, dextrin, 
starch, and sugar. Watery preparations of malt are 
known as malt extracts. They are largely employed in 
cases of imperfect nutrition with weak digestion. 

Dose. — Extract of Malt (Extractum Malti). — From 2 
to 4 drams (8-15 c.c). 

Manganese (Manganum). — The chief medicinal prepa- 
rations of manganese are manganese oxid and potassium 
permanganate. As manganese is a constituent of the red 
blood-cells and other tissues, it has been recommended as 
a tonic in anemia. It is most useful as an emmenagogue 
in amenorrhea dependent upon anemia. Potassium per- 
manganate is used not only as emmenagogue, but also as 
antiseptic, and as an antidote in opium- and phosphorus- 
poisoning. 

Manganese Dioxid (Mangani Oxidum Nigrum; Black 
Oxid of Manganese). — Used as an emmenagogue. Dose, 
1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.) in pill form. 

Potassium Permanganate. — (See Potassium^ 

Manna. — Action and Uses. — Manna is a sugary exu- 
dation from a small tree (Fraxitms omus) growing in 



1 62 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Sicily. It contains a sweet crystalline principle known 
as mannite. Manna is a mild laxative. It is usually 
given in combination with other cathartics. It is one of 
the ingredients of the compound infusion of senna. 

Dose, i to 8 drams (4-30 gm.). 

Matico. — Action and Uses. — Matico is the leaves of a 
shrub (Piper angustifolium) growing in Mexico and South 
America. It contains a volatile oil, a resin, and tannic 
acid. Matico is a stimulant diuretic resembling cubeb 
and copaiba in its action. The leaves, on account of 
their hairy surfaces, favor coagulation and arrest bleeding 
when applied to small wounds. The drug is rarely used 
at the present time. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Matico (Extractum Matico 
Fluidum). — From \ to 1 dram (2-4 ex.). 

Tincture of Matico (Tinctura Matico). — From J to 2 
drams (2-8 c.c). 

Mel. — (See Honey}) 

Menthol (Peppermint Camphor). — Action and Uses. 
— Menthol is a camphor-like substance obtained from the 
essential oil of peppermint. It is chiefly employed locally 
as a sedative and anesthetic. Lotions containing from 5 
to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.) to the ounce (30 c.c.) of alco- 
hol are frequently employed in frontal headache and 
neuralgia. One part of menthol to 10 parts of olive oil 
makes a soothing application for burns. Internally, 
menthol is sometimes used as a carminative in neuralgia 
of the stomach and flatulent dyspepsia. 

Dose, \ to 2 grains (0.03-0.13 gm.) in pills, capsules, 
or emulsion. 

Mercury (Hydrargyrum ; Quicksilver). — Action and 
Uses. — Mercury is a silvery-white liquid metal without 
odor or taste. The insoluble preparations of mercury 



MERCURY. 163 

(calomel, blue-mass, mercury with chalk) act as cathar- 
tics, producing large loose stools without much irrita- 
tion. They also act as diuretics, probably by stimulat- 
ing the cells of the kidney. Whether they possess the 
power or not of stimulating the liver-cells to secrete 
more bile is still an open question. Mercurials, espe- 
cially when locally applied, aid materially in the absorp- 
tion of inflammatory exudations. The soluble prepa- 
rations of mercury are among the most powerful germ- 
icides known. Finally, mercury exerts a specific influence 
in syphilis. 

Poisoning*. — When small doses of unirritating prepa- 
rations of mercury, such as calomel or blue-mass, are 
given continuously, they occasion a group of symptoms 
known as ptyalism : Increased flow of saliva, fetor of 
the breath, soreness of the teeth when the jaws are 
brought together forcibly, and tenderness and redness 
of the gums. If the drug is not withdrawn, the gums 
become swollen and ulcerated, the teeth loosen and fall 
out, and, finally, the bones themselves become necrotic. 
Large doses of a soluble irritant salt of mercury, such 
as the bichlorid, give rise to burning pain in the throat 
and abdomen, vomiting and purging of mucous and 
bloody matter, suppression of urine, and collapse. 

The treatment of ptyalism consists in withdrawing the 
mercury and washing the mouth frequently with a satu- 
rated solution of potassium chlorate or a solution of 
peroxid of hydrogen (1 13). Atropin is sometimes given 
to check the excessive secretion of saliva, and potassium 
iodid to eliminate the metal from the tissues. 

Treatment of Acute Poisoning. — White of egg beaten 
up with water or flour and milk should be administered 
at once, after which the stomach should be thoroughly 



164 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

washed out with the stomach-pump. Demulcent drinks, 
external heat, and heart-stimulants are often indicated. 

Administration. — The preparations of mercury may 
be given by the mouth, by inunction, by subcutaneous 
injection, or by fumigation. Inunction is used when the 
stomach is irritable. It is a very effective method of 
administration, although uncleanly and troublesome. 
About a dram (4 gm.) of mercurial ointment may be 
rubbed into the groins, axillae, or inner surface of the 
thighs and arms once a day. In order to avoid irrita- 
tion of the skin, a different region should be selected 
each day. The subcutaneous method of administration 
is chosen when it is desirable to bring the system rapidly 
under the influence of the drug. The injections are 
painful. Salts usually selected for hypodermic use are 
the bichlorid, benzoate, and salicylate. 

Fumigation is sometimes practised instead of inunction 
when the stomach is intolerant. About 20 grains (1.3 
gm.) of calomel are vaporized from a tin plate suspended 
over a spirit-lamp. The latter is placed under a cane- 
seated chair, upon which is seated the patient disrobed 
and surrounded by a blanket fastened at the neck. In 
about twenty minutes the calomel is deposited on the 
skin as a fine dust. Fumigation is best practised at 
night, the volatilized mercury being allowed to remain on 
the skin until morning. 

Blue-mass (Massa Hydrargyri ; Blue Pill). — This is 
a triturate of metallic mercury with honey of rose, gly- 
cerin, and licorice. It is much used as a cathartic in 
biliousness and also as a diuretic. Its action is very simi- 
lar to that of calomel. Dose, } to 10 grains (0.03-0.6 
gm.) in pill. 

Mercury with Chalk (Hydrargyrum cum Creta). — 



MERCURY. 165 

This is a grayish powder consisting of metallic mercury 
intimately mixed with chalk, honey, and water. It is 
used for the same purposes as blue-mass. Dose, J to 10 
grains (0.03-0.6 gm.). 

Mercurial Ointment (Unguentum Hydrargyri ; Blue 
Ointment). — This preparation is employed as an absor- 
bent in inflammatory swellings, as a parasiticide in certain 
skin-diseases, and by inunction as an antisyphilitic remedy. 

Corrosive Sublimate (Mercuric Chlorid; Bichlorid 
of Mercury ; Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosivum). — This 
salt appears in the form of colorless, soluble crystals 
having an acrid metallic taste. Notwithstanding its irri- 
tant and toxic properties and its destructive effect upon 
metallic instruments, corrosive sublimate is the most 
popular germicide for general surgical work. For the 
skin a solution of from 1 : 1000 to 1 : 500 is usually em- 
ployed; for wounds, from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 2000 ; for the 
bladder and vagina, I : 20,000 to 1 : 5 000. Tartaric or 
citric acid is generally added to bichlorid solutions to 
prevent the mercuric salt from uniting with the albu- 
minous matter of the tissues to form an inert albuminate 
of mercury. 

Compressed tablets, each containing 7J grains (0.48 
gm.) of corrosive sublimate with tartaric acid, are in 
common use. One of these added to a pint of water 
makes a solution of 1 : 1 000. 

Corrosive sublimate is not a good disinfectant for 
stools or sputum, since it hardens the albuminous mate- 
rial on the exterior and thus fails to penetrate into the 
interior of the mass. Solutions of from 1 : 5000 to 
I : IOOO are frequently employed for disinfecting the 
floors, bare walls, and woodwork of infected rooms. 

Internally, corrosive sublimate is used as an antisyph- 



1 66 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

ilitic and alterative. Dose, -fa to ^ of a grain (0.0013- 
0.005 g m -)- 

Calomel (Mild Mercurous Chlorid; Hydrargyri 
Chloridum Mite). — Calomel appears as a white, odorless, 
tasteless, and insoluble powder. Internally it is used as 
a cathartic, gastric sedative, diuretic, and antisyphilitic. 
Externally, as a stimulant, antiseptic, and desiccant. Dose, 
yL- to 10 grains (0.0065-0.65 gm.). It may be given dry 
on the tongue or in tablet or pill. 

Black Wash (Lotio Nigra). — This is made by adding 
calomel (1 dram) to lime-water (1 pint). It is used as a 
stimulating application in syphilitic ulcers and certain 
inflammatory skin-diseases. 

Yellow Wash (Lotio Flava). — This is made by add- 
ing corrosive sublimate (30 grains) to lime-water (1 pint). 
It is used for the same purposes as black wash, but is 
more stimulating. 

Biniodid of Mercury (Red Iodid of Mercury; Hy- 
drargyri lodidum Rubrum). — This is a bright-red pow- 
der, without odor or taste, and almost insoluble in water. 
Internally it is much used as an alterative, especially in 
syphilis. It is one of the components of Donovan's 
solution (liquor arseni et hydrargyri iodidi). Externally 
it is sometimes used as an antiseptic in place of corrosive 
sublimate. Dose, ^ to ^ of a grain (0.0012-0.005 gm.). 

Protiodid of Mercury (Yellow or Green Iodid of 
Mercury ; Hydrargyri lodidum Flavum). — This is a yel- 
low, insoluble powder, free from odor and taste. It is 
far less irritating than the biniodid. It is one of the best 
preparations for internal use in syphilis. Dose, j 1 ^ to \ of 
a grain (0.006-0.03 gm.). 

Oxid of Mercury. — Mercuric oxid occurs in two 
forms : yellow oxid (hydrargyri oxidum flavum) and red 



MERCURY. 167 

oxid (hydrargyri oxidum rubrum). These are heavy, 
odorless, insoluble powders. They are employed exter- 
nally, usually in the form of ointments, for their stimu- 
lant and alterative effects. 

Nitrate of Mercury (Mercuric Nitrate ; Hydrargyri 
Nitras). — This is employed in the form of a solution 
(liquor hydrargyri nitratis) and ointment (unguentum 
hydrargyri nitratis ; citrine ointment). The solution is 
one of the most powerful caustics known. Citrine oint- 
ment is used as a stimulant and absorbent application in 
chronic inflammatory swellings. 

Ammoniated Mercury (White Precipitate ; Hydrar- 
gyrum Ammoniatum). — This is a white, tasteless and 
odorless powder, made by acting on corrosive sublimate 
with ammonia. It is used externally in the form of an 
ointment as a stimulant and parasiticide in certain skin- 
diseases. 

Yellow Sulphate of Mercury (Turpeth Mineral ; Hy- 
drargyri Subsulphas Flavus).— This is a lemon-yellow, 
odorless and tasteless powder. It was formerly much 
used as an emetic, but it has been largely replaced by less 
poisonous drugs. Dose, 2 to 3 grains (0.1-0.2 gm.) re- 
peated once, if necessary, in fifteen minutes. 

Cyanid of Mercury (Mercuric Cyanid; Hydrargyri 
Cyanidum). — This appears in colorless, soluble crystals, 
having a bitter, metallic taste. Its action resembles that 
of the bichlorid. It has been used hypodermically in 
syphilis and externally as an antiseptic in general sur- 
gical work. Dose, ^ to ^ of a grain (0.0016-0.006 
gm.). 

Salicylate of Mercury (Mercuric Salicylate; Hy- 
drargyri Salicylas). — This is a white powder, free from 
odor and taste. It is very soluble in water containing 



1 68 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

common salt. It has been especially used in the hypo- 
dermic treatment of syphilis. Dose, -fa to ^ of a grain 
(0.001-0.008 gm.). 

Benzoate of Mercury (Mercuric Benzoate; Hydrar- 
gyri Benzoas). — This is a white, crystalline powder, free 
from odor and taste. It is readily soluble in water con- 
taining common salt. It is a reliable remedy for admin- 
istering hypodermically in syphilis. Dose, -fa to -| of a 
grain (0.001-0.008 gm.). 

Mercurol. — This is a compound of mercury and yeast 
nuclein. It is a brownish-white powder, soluble in water. 
It is used as a local antiseptic in solutions of from 1 to 2 
per cent. 

Methyl-blue (Pyoktanin). — Action and Uses. — This 
anilin dye has been used externally as an antiseptic, 
chiefly in the treatment of infectious diseases of the eye- 
The strength commonly employed is 1 : 1000. It has 
also been employed locally to some extent as an analgesic 
and antiseptic in inoperable cancer. 

Methyl Chlorid. — Action and Uses. — This appears 
as a colorless liquid having the odor of ether and chloro- 
form. It is used locally as an anesthetic in the form of 
a spray. It is usually supplied in a small glass flask one 
end of which has been drawn out to a fine point. The 
point being broken off, the heat of the hand is sufficient 
to expel the contents as a fine spray. As it strikes the 
skin it absorbs so much heat in evaporating that it freezes 
the part. The part to be frozen should first be washed 
thoroughly with soap and water, in order to remove all 
fat ; the glass tube should be held about ten inches from 
the skin, and the spraying continued for from two to 
three minutes. 

Methyl Salicylate. — This is an artificial product 



MUSTARD. 169 

resembling very closely in its physical and therapeutic 
properties the natural oil of wintergreen. It is used both 
internally and externally as a remedy in rheumatism. 

Dose, 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Methylene-blue. — Action and Uses. — This is an 
anilin derivative appearing in dark-blue crystals or as 
a bronze-like powder. It is distinctly serviceable in 
malaria, though inferior to quinin. It is recommended 
as an antiseptic in inflammatory diseases of the genito- 
urinary tract. It has also been used to some extent as 
an analgesic and hypnotic. It imparts an intensely blue 
or greenish-blue color to the urine. 

Dose, 1 to 4 grains (0.065-0.26 gm.), usually in cap- 
sules, with some aromatic, like powdered nutmeg. 

Monsel'S Solution. — (See Iron.) 

Morphin. — (See Opium) 

Musk (Moschus). — Action and Uses. — Musk is a 
dried secretion from a species of deer found in Central 
Asia. It is used as a general stimulant in low fevers and 
as an antispasmodic in hiccup and spasms of childhood. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.), preferably by the 
rectum, in suppository or suspended in mucilage of 
acacia. 

Tincture of Musk (Tinctura Moschi). — From 1 to 2 
drams (4-8 c.c). 

Mustard (Sinapis). — Action and Uses. — Mustard 
occurs in two forms : white mustard (sinapis alba) and 
black mustard (sinapis nigra). Mustard-flour is com- 
monly used externally as a stimulant and counterirritant. 
Internally it is used as an emetic. 

Dose, as an emetic, 1 to 4 drams (4-15 gm.) in luke- 
warm water. 

Mustard Paper (Charta Sinapis). — This is used exter- 



lyo PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

nally as a counterirritant. It should be dipped in warm 
water before applying. The home-made mustard-plaster 
is preferred by many physicians because its strength can 
be more easily regulated. 

Mustard-plaster. — A mustard-plaster may be made of 
pure mustard, or of mustard and flour in various pro- 
portions, mixed into a paste with warm water, and spread 
between two layers of muslin or soft linen rag. When 
mixed with flour, the action of the mustard is slower 
and it is not so liable to blister. The plaster is covered 
and left on for from ten to twenty minutes. When it is 
removed, the part is smeared with a little vaselin and 
covered with a soft cloth. While the plaster remains on 
the patient, a corner should be raised from time to time 
to see that it is not blistering ; especially is this necessary 
with unconscious and paralyzed patients. For children 
4 parts of flour are mixed with I part of mustard ; when 
the skin is red, the plaster is removed and a flax-seed- 
meal poultice applied. The action is slower, but blister- 
ing is prevented. The white of an egg and mustard 
also make a non-blistering plaster. 

When a mild counterirritant action is desired, the mus- 
tard is used in the form of a fomentation or poultice. 

Mustard fomentation consists of flannel wrung out of 
very hot water (not boiling), to the pint of which has 
been added one tablespoonful of mustard. It is pref- 
erable to make a paste of the mustard before adding it 
to the hot water, so as to prevent the formation of lumps. 
Mustard should not be added to boiling water, as the 
action of the volatile oil which the mustard contains, and 
to which it owes its value, will be thereby destroyed. 

Mustard Poultice. — A mustard poultice is made by 
adding to very hot water 2 parts of mustard (all the 



NAPHTALIN. 171 

lumps being first thoroughly dissolved) to 4 parts of 
flax-seed-meal. The poultice is spread and applied in 
the usual way. If the mustard be sprinkled over the 
flax-seed poultice, there is danger of burning the patient 
in patches. 

Compound Mustard Liniment (Linimentum Sinapis 
Compositum). — This is also used as a counterirritant. 

Volatile Oil of Mustard (Oleum Sinapis Volatile). — 
This is sometimes used externally as a rubefacient. 

Myrrh (Myrrha). — Action and Uses. — Myrrh is a 
gum-resin obtained from a small tree {Commiphora 
myrrha) growing in eastern Africa. It is employed as 
an emmenagogue and as a stimulant to mucous mem- 
branes. The tincture, diluted with water or with a weak 
solution of potassium chlorate or borax, is much used 
locally in various inflammatory diseases of the mouth. 

Dose. — Tincture of Myrrh (Tinctura Myrrhae). — From 
5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Aloes and Myrrh (Tinctura Aloes et 
Myrrhae). — From J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Pills of Aloes and Myrrh (Pilulae Aloes et Myrrhse). — 
From I to 3 pills. 

Naphtalin (Naphtalinum ; Coal-tar Camphor). — This 
coal-tar derivative occurs in white scales having a strong 
odor of coal-tar and a burning taste. It was at one time 
used internally as an intestinal antiseptic in diarrhea, but 
it has been displaced by beta-naphtol. Externally, it is 
sometimes used in the form of an ointment as a stimulant 
and antiseptic remedy in certain skin-diseases. 

Dose, 2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.6 gm.). 

Beta-naphtol (Naphtol). — This compound is usually 
prepared artificially from naphtalin. It is used internally 
as an antiseptic in diarrhea, and externally as a parasiticide 



172 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

in ringworm and scabies. Dose, 2 to 10 grains (0.13- 
0.6 gm.). Externally it is usually employed in the form 
of an ointment in the strength of from \ to 1 dram (2- 

4 gm.) to the ounce (30 gm.) of lard. 
Benzonaphtol. — This compound is prepared arti- 
ficially from beta-naphtol, over which it has an advan- 
tage in being tasteless. It is used as an intestinal anti- 
septic in diarrhea. Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Betanaphtol Bismuth (Orphol). — This is a combina- 
tion of bismuth oxid and beta-naphtol. It is a brown 
powder, free from odor and taste. It is used as an inter- 
nal antiseptic in flatulent dyspepsia and diarrhea. Dose, 

5 to 3° grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Neutral Mixture (Liquor Potassii Citratis ; Solution 
of Potassium Citrate). — The solution of potassium citrate 
is used in mild febrile conditions to promote the secretion 
of the skin and kidneys. 

Dose, J to 1 ounce (15-30 c.c). 
Nitrate of Silver. — (See Silver) 
Nitrite of Amyl. —(See Amyl Nitrite) 
Nitroglycerin (Nitroglycerinum ; Glonoin ; Trini- 
trin). — Action and Uses. — Nitroglycerin is prepared by 
acting on pure glycerin with nitric acid. It is official in 
the form of a I per cent, alcoholic solution (spiritus 
glonoini). The latter should be kept in well-stoppered 
cans, in a cool place, remote for lights or fires. Care 
must be exercised in handling it, since a dangerous ex- 
plosion may result if a considerable quantity be spilled. 
The action of nitroglycerin is similar to that of amyl 
nitrite, though somewhat more permanent. Like amyl 
nitrite, it stimulates the heart, quickens the pulse, dilates 
the arteries, and so lowers the blood-pressure and de- 
presses the spinal cord. In some persons the use of 



NUT-GALL. I73 

nitroglycerin is followed by flushing of the face, dizziness, 
severe headache, nausea, and palpitation lasting for several 
hours. Nitroglycerin is much used to lessen the resist- 
ance in the peripheral vessels, in weakness of the heart 
muscle, to relieve cardiac pain, and to ward off or break 
up general convulsions and local spasms. 

Dose, giro" to to °f a g ram (0.0003-0.0013 gm.), in 
specially prepared tablets. 

Spirit of Glonoin. — From 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c), 
by the mouth or hypodermically. 

Nitrous Oxid Gas (Laughing Gas). — Action and 
Uses. — Nitrous oxid is used as an anesthetic in dentistry 
and minor surgery. It is given pure from an inhaler 
without admixture of air. Unconsciousness comes on 
in from one-half to three minutes. The face is swollen 
and livid and the pulse slow and full. Anesthesia occurs 
when the blood becomes dark from the exclusion of 
oxygen. Recovery of consciousness and natural breath- 
ing occur in from one to three minutes without leaving 
any after-effects except a slight headache, which may 
persist for some hours. 

Nuclein. — This is an albuminous substance, rich in 
phosphorus, extracted from the spleen and other organs. 
It appears as a yellow powder, insoluble in water and 
alcohol. One preparation is marketed under the name 
of " protonuclein." Nucleinic compounds, when taken 
internally, are said to increase the number of white 
blood-cells and thereby to enhance the germicidal and 
antitoxic power of the blood-serum. They have been 
used with asserted success in septicemia and various 
infections, including tuberculosis and pneumonia. 

Dose, 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Nut-gall (Galla; Gall).— Action and Uses.— Galls 



174 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

are excrescences produced on the twigs of a species of 
oak by the stings of certain insects. They contain large 
quantities of tannic acid, and, therefore, possess astrin- 
gent properties. The tincture is rarely used as an 
astringent in diarrhea. The ointment is employed as a 
local remedy in hemorrhoids. 

Dose. — Tincture of Nutgall (Tinctura Gallae). — From 
\ to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Ointment of Nutgall (Unguentum Gallae). 

Nutmeg (My ristica). — Action and Uses. — Nutmeg is 
the seed of an evergreen tree {Myristica fragrans) grow- 
ing in the East India Islands. It is an aromatic and a 
carminative. It is frequently employed in combination 
with other drugs to correct disagreeable properties. In 
large doses it is a narcotic, producing stupor and deli- 
rium. 

Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Oil of Nutmeg (Oleum Myristicae). — From 1 to 5 
minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Spirit or Essence of Nutmeg (Spiritus Myristicae). — 
From 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Aromatic Powder (Pulvis Aromaticus). — From 10 to 
30 grains (0.65-2.0 gm.). 

Nux Vomica. — Nux vomica is the seeds of an East 
Indian tree, the Strychnos nux-vomica. It contains two 
alkaloids, strychni?i and brucin. The medicinal action 
of nux vomica depends largely on its alkaloid, strychnin. 
Brucin acts like strychnin, but is less powerful. 

Action and Uses. — Nux vomica is a powerful stimu- 
lant to the spinal cord, heart, and respiration. Under 
its influence the pulse increases in force and rapidity. 
In small doses it also acts as a bitter tonic, improving 
the appetite and stimulating intestinal peristalsis. 



NUX VOMICA. 175 

Nux vomica or strychnin is used as a circulatory 
stimulant in various forms of heart-failure ; as a respira- 
tory stimulant in many pulmonary diseases associated 
with weak respiration ; as a bitter tonic in atonic dys- 
pepsia and constipation ; and as a nerve-stimulant in 
various paralytic affections after the acute symptoms 
have passed away. 

Poisoning". — The symptoms of an overdose are twitch- 
ing of the muscles of the face, arms, or legs (the twitching 
being more marked in paralyzed than in normal parts), 
slight stiffness of muscles of the neck and jaw, restless- 
ness, and anxiety. After a poisonous dose (gr. J) the 
chief symptoms are violent convulsive seizures, lasting for 
a few seconds, and followed by periods of relaxation. 
The convulsions come on more quickly in paralyzed 
limbs than in those under the control of the will. A 
draft of air, a touch, or a noise may be sufficient to excite 
a fresh attack of these seizures. The condition resembles 
tetanus, but differs from it in the complete relaxation of 
the muscles between the paroxysms, and in the com- 
parative absence of trismus (lock-jaw). The mind, as a 
rule, remains clear to the last. Death results from ex- 
haustion or asphyxia from spasmodic arrest of the mus- 
cles of respiration. 

Treatment. — Convulsions should be controlled by in- 
halations of chloroform. The chemic antidote is tannic 
acid. The physiologic antidotes are potassium bromid 
(60 grains) and chloral (20 grains), and when the patient 
is unable to swallow, these may be given by the rectum. 
The stomach-pump should not be used unless the patient 
be under the influence of an anesthetic ; otherwise the 
passage of the tube may cause a fatal spasm. Perfect 
quiet should be maintained. 



1/6 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

Preparations and Doses. — Strychnin Sulphate (Strych- 
ninae Sulphas). — From -fa to fa of a grain (0.001-0.003 
gffl.). 

Extract of Nux Vomica (Extractum Nucis Vomicae). 
— From \ to \ grain (0.01-0.016 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica (Extractum Nucis Vom- 
icae Fluidum). — From 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Tincture of Nux Vomica (Tinctura Nucis Vomicae). — 
From 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Oil of Theobroma. — (See Cacao-butter) 

Oil of Turpentine. — (See Turpentine) 

Olive Oil (Oleum Olivae). — Action and Uses. — Olive 
oil is used as a laxative enema in fecal obstruction. It 
is also an antidote in corrosive poisoning, protecting the 
mucous membrane of the stomach and preventing ab- 
sorption. Externally it is applied to burns and certain 
skin-diseases, acting as a protective and excluding the 
air. It is sometimes applied to the body in the desqua- 
mative stage of scarlet fever to soothe the skin and to 
prevent the scales from being disseminated and carrying 
with them the contagion. When rubbed into the skin, 
it is absorbed by the lymphatics and has a nutritive 
effect. 

Opium. — Opium is a concrete, milky exudation ob- 
tained by incising the unripe capsules of a species of 
poppy (Papaver somniferuni) growing in western Asia. 
It contains a number of alkaloids, the chief of which are 
morphin and codein. 

Action and Uses. — The chief action of opium is on 
the brain, which it depresses, relieving pain and producing 
sleep. Upon the respiratory center it acts as a depressant. 
Upon the heart it acts as a mild stimulant, the pulse under 
its influence becoming slower and stronger. Opium dimin- 



OPIUM. 177 

ishes all secretions except the sweat, and this it increases. 
In moderate doses it lessens intestinal peristalsis and 
causes constipation. Locally, it acts as a mild anodyne. 
Elimination takes place through all the secretions, but 
especially through those of the stomach and kidneys. 

Morphin represents very largely the active properties 
of opium, but has a less nauseating, less constipating, and 
less diaphoretic effect. 

Codein resembles morphin in its action, but it is far less 
powerful as a hypnotic and an analgesic. 

The after-effects of opium are headache, nausea, con- 
stipation, digestive disturbances, languor, and loss of 
appetite. Some patients do not sleep, but experience a 
feeling of calm, while others again are made very restless. 

Opium is used to relieve pain ; to produce sleep, espe- 
cially when the insomnia is caused by pain ; to allay irri- 
tative cough in pulmonary diseases ; to check excessive 
secretion, especially from the bowel in persistent diar- 
rhea ; to promote sweating in muscular rheumatism and 
so-called " colds " ; and, locally, in the form of lead- water 
and laudanum, to allay irritation in sprains, bruises, and 
articular rheumatism. 

Children are very susceptible to the narcotic action of 
opium. Women are more easily affected than men, and 
more apt to have nausea and headache after taking it. 
Sometimes the nausea is felt only on rising, and not at all 
while the patient is lying down. Atropin (gr. -j-J-^) is 
sometimes given with opium to prevent vomiting and 
depression. 

When giving opium or morphin, the nurse must not 
repeat the dose unless there is a distinct indication for it, 
as a habit of taking the drug is easily acquired. 

Opium-poisoning. — First Stage. — After a large dose 



I?8 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

the heart's action is increased, the pupils are slightly con- 
tracted, and the surface of the skin is warm and flushed. 
There is a sense of comfort and exhilaration similar to 
that of mild intoxication, and this in turn is followed by 
deep sleep. 

Second Stage. — When an overdose has been taken, the 
symptoms are deep sleep, a very slow pulse, slow respira- 
tions, minutely contracted pupils, dry skin, and muscular 
relaxation. The patient can generally be roused by shak- 
ing or pinching him, by flicking him with a wet towel, or 
by shouting in his ear. Death, as a rule, does not occur 
in this stage of opium-poisoning. 

In the third stage, which rapidly follows, the sleep 
passes into profound coma ; the pupils are minutely con- 
tracted, but dilate just before death; the skin is cold 
and covered with perspiration ; the face is livid and 
cyanosed ; the respirations are very slow, irregular, and 
shallow, sometimes falling to four or five a minute ; the 
pulse is slow and feeble, but as the end approaches, it 
becomes more rapid. Death occurs from failure of the 
respiration, the latter ceasing before the heart beats. 

Treatment. — The stomach should be emptied by means 
of the stomach-pump or a stimulating emetic, such as 
mustard or zinc sulphate. Since morphin is eliminated 
by the stomach and then reabsorbed, the stomach should 
be emptied at short intervals. Black coffee may be given 
by the mouth or rectum to stimulate respiration and to 
promote wakefulness. The patient must be roused from 
stupor and kept awake by being flicked with a wet towel. 
The best chemic antidote is potassium permanganate : 
from 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 g m -) °f this drug dissolved in 
a glass of water should be given at once and repeated in 
thirty minutes. Tannic acid is also employed as a chemic 



OPIUM. 179 

antidote. The chief physiologic antidotes are the power- 
ful respiratory stimulants — atropin, strychnin, and caffein ; 
these should be given hypodermically. Artificial respira- 
tion is often of great value. Throughout the treatment 
care must be taken to avoid chilling or exhausting the 
patient. 

Powdered Opium (Pulvis Opii). — Dose, J to 2 grains 
(0.03-0.13 gm.). 

Extract of Opium (Extractum Opii). — Dose, J to 1 
grain (0.016-0.065 gm.). 

Dover's Powder (Pulvis Ipecacuanhas et Opii). — This 
contains ipecac 1 grain, opium 1 grain, and sugar of milk 
8 grains. Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). 

Wine of Opium (Vinum Opii). — Dose, 10 to 20 min- 
ims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Laudanum (Tinctura Opii). — Dose, 10 to 20 minims 
(0.6-1.2 c.c). Ten minims are equal to 20 drops. Eleven 
minims, or 22 drops, are equal to opium 1 grain, or mor- 
phin -J grain. 

Deodorized Tincture of Opium (Tinctura Opii Deo- 
dorati). — Dose, 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). It is less 
nauseating than laudanum. Ten minims are equal to 20 
drops. Eleven minims, or 22 drops, are equal to opium 
I grain, or morphin \ grain. 

Paregoric (Camphorated Tincture of Opium; Tinctura 
Opii Camphorata). — Dose, for an adult, J to 4 drams (1.8- 
15.0 c.c) ; for an infant, 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c) ; for 
children, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c); } ounce contains 
about I grain of powdered opium. 

Tincture of Ipecac and Opium (Tinctura Ipecac- 
uanhas et Opii). — Dose, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Troches of Opium (Trochisci Opii). — Dose, 1 to 4 ; 
each troche contains opium ^ grain (0.005 g m -)- 



180 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Opium Plaster (Emplastrum Opii). 

Opium Liniment (Linimentum Opii). — This contains 
equal parts of tincture of opium and soap liniment. 

Opium Enema (Enema Opii). — This contains \ dram 
(2 c.c.) of tincture of opium and 2 ounces (60 c.c.) of 
boiled starch. 

Morphin (Morphina). — From \ to | grain (0.008- 
0.032 gm.). 

Morphin Acetate (Morphinae Acetas). — From \ to J 
grain (0.008-0.032 gm.). 

Morphin Hydrochlorate (Morphinse Hydrochloras). 
— From \ to \ grain (0.008-0.032 gm.). 

Morphin Sulphate (Morphinae Sulphas). — From \ to 
J grain (0.008-0.032 gm.). 

Tulley's Powder (Compound Powder of Morphin; 
Pulvis Morphinse Compositus). — From 5 to 10 grains 
(0.3-0.6 gm.). This contains morphin, licorice, camphor, 
and chalk. 

Magendie's Solution of Morphin. — This is a 4 per 
cent, solution of morphin in distilled water. Dose, 5 to 
10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c). 

Troches of Morphin and Ipecac (Trochisci Mor- 
phinse et Ipecacuanhae).-— Each contains about -£$ grain 
(0.0015 g m -) °f morphin — I to 3. 

Codein (Codeina). — From J to 2 grains (0.03-0. 1 3 gm.). 

Codein Sulphate (Codeinae Sulphas). — From J to 2 
grains (0.03-0.13 gm.). 

Codein Phosphate (Codeinae Phosphas). — From | to 
2 grains (0.03-0.13 gm.). 

Heroin Hydrochlorid. — From -fe to % grain (0.005- 
0.008 gm.). This is an alkaloid prepared artificially from 
morphin. 

Orange (Aurantium). — The preparations are prepared 



OR EX IN. l8l 

from two varieties of the fruit : Bitter orange ( Citrus vul- 
garis) and sweet orange {Citrus aurantiuni). Orange is 
used chiefly as a flavoring agent, although the bitter 
variety has mild stomachic properties. 

Dose. — Bitter Orange-peel (Aurantii Amari Cortex). — 
From 15 to 30 grains (1-2 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Bitter Orange (Extractum Aurantii 
Amari Fluidum). — From 15 to 30 minims (1-2 c.c). 

Tincture of Bitter Orange (Tinctura Aurantii Amari). — 
From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Oil of Orange (Oleum Aurantii). — From 1 to 5 minims 
(0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Spirit of Orange (Spiritus Aurantii). — From 10 to 60 
minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Compound Spirit of Orange (Spiritus Aurantii Com- 
positus). — From 10 to 60 minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Syrup of Orange (Syrupus Aurantii). — From 1 to 4 
drams (4-15 ex.). 

Tincture of Sweet Orange (Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis). — 
From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Water of Orange Flowers (Aqua Aurantii Florum). — 
From 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Oil of Orange Flowers (Oleum Aurantii Florum). — 
Flavoring agent. 

Syrup of Orange Flowers (Syrupus Aurantii Florum). 
— From 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Orexin. — This is a complex synthetic compound 
occurring as a yellowish-white, odorless powder with a 
chalky taste. It has been especially employed as a 
stomachic, to stimulate the appetite in phthisis, anemia, 
and neurasthenia. The tannate of orexin, being freest 
from irritant properties, is the best preparation for 
medicinal use. 



1 82 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Dose, 5 to 8 grains (0.3-0.5 gm.) in tablets or capsules, 
with a large draft of water. 

Orphol.— (See Naphthalin) 

Orthoform. — This is a complex synthetic compound, 
occurring as a white powder, free from odor and taste. 
It is only sparingly soluble in water. Orthoform is used 
as a local analgesic and antiseptic. It has been found 
serviceable as a local remedy in painful wounds, burns, 
and tuberculous and cancerous ulcerations. Unfortu- 
nately, its local application is occasionally followed by 
severe inflammation of the skin. 

Oxalic Acid. — (See Acids) 

Ox-gall (Fel Bovis). — Ox-gall is employed medicinally 
only after it has been purified by being treated with alco- 
hol for several days. Purified ox-gall (Fel Bovis Puri- 
ficatum) is a yellowish-green, soft solid, having a peculiar 
odor and a partly sweet and partly bitter taste. It is em- 
ployed as a hepatic stimulant and cathartic. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.) two hours after 
meals. 

An admirable purgative enema, especially when there 
is fecal impaction, is made by dissolving half an ounce of 
ox-gall in two pints of warm water. 

Oxid of £inc. — (See Zinc) 

Pancreatin (Pancreatinum). — This is a digestive fer- 
ment obtained from the fresh pancreas of the hog. It is 
a yellowish-white powder having a faint odor and a meat- 
like taste. In the presence of alkalis it converts albu- 
minous matter into soluble and diffusible peptones, 
changes starch into sugar, and aids in the emulsifying of 
fats. It is employed in indigestion when there is a lack 
of acid in the gastric juice. It is also used for predigest- 
ing milk. The latter is accomplished as follows : Mix 



PA RE IRA. 183 

5 grains of pancreatin and 20 grains of sodium bicar- 
bonate in a small teacupful of cool water, and pour into 
a bottle containing a pint of fresh milk. Place the bottle 
in water so hot that the hand can be held in it without 
discomfort for a minute. As thoroughly digested milk 
has an unpleasant bitter taste, it is well to arrest digestion 
at the end of fifteen or twenty minutes by raising the 
milk for a few seconds to the boiling-point or by placing 
the bottle on ice. 

Dose, $ to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Papayotin (Papain ; Papoid ; Caroid). — Papayotin is 
a ferment obtained from the papaw or melon tree {jCarica 
papaya) growing in the tropics. It has some power of 
converting starch into sugar, of emulsifying fats, and of 
changing albumins into peptone, and, unlike pancreatin, 
will act not only in alkaline solutions, but also in solu- 
tions that are somewhat acid. The preparations of the 
drug on the market are somewhat unreliable. 

Paraldehyd (Paraldehydum). — Paraldehyd is a syn- 
thetic compound appearing as a colorless liquid, having 
a penetrating ethereal odor and a disagreeable, pungent 
taste. It is a reliable hypnotic, especially useful in in- 
somnia associated with great mental excitement Its 
chief drawbacks are its unpleasant taste, liability to dis- 
turb digestion, and the disagreeable odor which it imparts 
to the breath for several hours after it has been taken. 

Dose, \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c), in capsule or in aromatic 
elixir. 

Pareira (Pareira Brava). — This is the root of a climb- 
ing tree {Chondrodendron tomentosuni) growing in South 
America. It is employed as a stimulant diuretic in sub- 
acute and chronic inflammations of the genito-urinary 
tract. 



1 84 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Pareira (Extractum Pareirae 
Fluidum). — From \ to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Pelletierin. — (See Pomegranate) 

Pennyroyal (Hedeoma). — Pennyroyal is the leaves 
and tops of an annual herb {Hedeoma pulegioides) grow- 
ing in North America. It contains a volatile oil. It is a 
popular emmenagogue, especially useful in acute sup- 
pression of the menses from exposure to cold. 

Infusion of Pennyroyal (Infusum Hedeomae). — From 
1 to 2 ounces (30-60 c.c), to be taken while hot. 

Oil of Pennyroyal (Oleum Hedeomse). — From 3 to 5 
minims (0.2-0.3 ex.). 

PepO (Pumpkin-seed). — Pumpkin-seed is an efficient 
vermifuge against the tape-worm, and is not followed by 
unpleasant symptoms. 

Dose, 1 to 3 ounces (30-90 gm.) in emulsion, made by 
beating the kernels of the seed into a paste, adding sugar, 
and diluting with water or milk. It should be taken on 
an empty stomach and followed in two or three hours by 
a cathartic. 

Peppermint (Mentha Piperita). — Peppermint is the 
leaves and tops of a perennial herb (Mentha piperita) 
growing widely in temperate regions. It contains a vola- 
tile oil. It is used chiefly as a carminative in flatulence 
and colic, and as a flavoring agent. 

Dose. — Oil of Peppermint (Oleum Menthae Piperitae). 
— From I to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Peppermint Water (Aqua Menthae Piperitae). — From 
1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Spirit or Essence of Peppermint (Spiritus Menthae 
Piperitae). — From 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Troches of Peppermint (Trochisci Menthae Piperitae). — 
One as required. 



PHENACETIN. 1 85 

Pepsin (Pepsinum). — Pepsin is a ferment obtained 
from the glandular layer of fresh stomachs of healthy 
pigs. It occurs as a yellowish-white powder or as yel- 
lowish scales, having a faint odor and a slightly acid or 
saline taste. It has the power, in the presence of acids, 
of converting albumins into absorbable peptones. To be 
up to the official standard, it should be capable of digest- 
ing not less than 3000 times its own weight of freshly 
coagulated egg-albumen. Pepsin is useful in certain gas- 
tric affections in which there is defective peptic digestion. 

Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.) after meals, prefer- 
ably with dilute hydrochloric acid. 

Saccharated Pepsin (Pepsinum Saccharatum). — From 
20 to 60 grains (1.3-4.0 gm.). As this preparation con- 
tains but 10 per cent, of pepsin, its digestive power is 
very feeble. 

Petrolatum. — Petrolatum is a mixture of hydro- 
carbons obtained by distilling off the more volatile por- 
tions from petroleum. It is official in three forms : 

Liquid Petrolatum (Petrolatum Liquidum). 

Soft Petrolatum (Petrolatum Molle). 

Hard Petrolatum (Petrolatum Spissum). 

Liquid petrolatum is used in the form of a spray as a 
sedative and protective application in the treatment of 
inflammatory diseases of nose, throat, and larynx. It is 
also employed as a solvent for many medicinal agents. 
Soft petrolatum and hard petrolatum are used as protec- 
tives in skin diseases and as bases for ointments. The 
various forms of petrolatum have an advantage over other 
fats in not becoming rancid. 

Phenacetin (Phenacetinum). — Action and Uses. — 
Phenacetin is a coal-tar derivative appearing as a color- 
less, tasteless powder, only sparingly soluble in water, 



1 86 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

but freely so in alcohol. It is employed as antipyretic, 
analgesic, and nerve-sedative. It is apparently less toxic 
than either acetanilid or antipyrin, the action of which it 
closely resembles. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 gm.), in powder, capsule, 
or tablet. 

Poisoning'. — Symptoms. — Toxic doses cause marked 
cyanosis, feeble breathing, free perspiration, a weak pulse, 
dilatation of the pupils, and collapse. 

Treatment. — This consists in the application of external 
heat and the administration of cardiac and respiratory 
stimulants, such as ammonia and strychnin. Oxygen in- 
halations are also useful. 

The indiscriminate use of coal-tar drugs, such as 
phenacetin and antipyrin, for the relief of headache or 
neuralgia is to be strongly condemned. Prolonged use 
is often followed by grave symptoms, such as cyanosis, 
hurried breathing, enfeebled circulation, sweating, and 
mental confusion. 

Phenason. — (See Antipyrin) 

Phenocoll Hydrochlorid.— This is a coal-tar deriva- 
tive appearing as a white, crystalline powder, soluble in 
water. It has an action very closely resembling that of 
phenacetin, for which it may be employed as a sub- 
stitute. 

Dose, 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.) in powder or cap- 
sule. 

Phenol. — (See Carbolic Acid) 

Phosphorus. — Phosphorus is a non-metallic element 
derived from bones. It has a characteristic garlicky odor 
and taste. 

Action and Uses. — Phosphorus is used as a tonic, 
nerve-stimulant, and producer of bone. It is frequently 



PHYSOSTIGMA. 1 87 

employed in functional diseases of the nervous system, 
such as neurasthenia and neuralgia, and certain nutri- 
tional diseases of bone, especially rickets. In large doses 
it acts as a corrosive poison. 

Dose, j^-Q to -^ grain (0.0006-0.0013 gm.)in pill form. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — The symptoms, which may 
not appear for several hours after the ingestion of the 
drug, are a garlicky odor to the breath, the taste of 
phosphorus in the mouth, burning pain in the esophagus, 
stomach, and abdomen, violent vomiting, and purging. 
The discharges, if seen in the dark, are luminous. At 
the end of twenty-four or thirty-six hours the symptoms 
abate, but they soon reappear, and are followed by 
vomiting of altered blood (" coffee-grounds "), white, 
clay-like stools, jaundice, delirium, convulsions, coma, 
and death. 

Treatment. — The best emetic is sulphate of copper. 
The best antidote is potassium permanganate. These 
drugs should be followed by demulcents. As phos- 
phorus is soluble in oil, all oily substances must be 
withheld. 

Preparations. — Elixir of Phosphorus (Elixir Phos- 
phori). — Dose, \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Phosphorated Oil (Oleum Phosphoratum). — Dose, 1 to 
2 minims (0.06-0.12 c.c). One minim equals y^ grain 
of phosphorus. 

Pills of Phosphorus (Pilulae Phosphori). — Dose, 1 or 2. 

Spirit of Phosphorus (Spiritus Phosphori). — From 5 to 
15 minims (0.5-1.0 c.c). 

Zinc Phosphid (Zinci Phosphidum). — From -^ to -fa 
grain (0.0026-0.0065 gm.). 

Physostigma (Calabar Bean). — Action and Uses. — 
Physostigma is the seed of a perennial climber (Phy- 



1 88 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

sostigma venenosum) growing in western Africa. It con- 
tains an alkaloid, physostigmin or eserin, which fairly 
represents the active properties of the bean. It has 
three important actions : it depresses the spinal cord ; it 
stimulates intestinal peristalsis ; and when applied directly 
to the eye in the form of physostigmin, it contracts the 
pupil (myotic). 

Phy sostigma or its alkaloid is employed to check 
spinal convulsions, such as occur in tetanus and strych- 
nin-poisoning ; to aid the action of cathartics in atony of 
the bowel ; and to contract the pupil in certain diseases 
of the eye. 

Poisoning'. — Symptoms. — The chief symptoms are ver- 
tigo, muscular weakness, tremors, salivation, contraction 
of the pupils, and asphyxia. 

Treatment. — This consists in evacuating the stomach, 
in administering tannic acid as a chemic antidote and 
atropin hypodermically as a physiologic antidote, and in 
combating cardiac and respiratory failure with external 
heat and diffusible stimulants, such as ammonia and 
alcohol. 

Dose. — Extract of Physostigma (Extractum Physos- 
tigmatis). — From ^ to \ grain (0.004-0.008 gm.). 

Tincture of Physostigma (Tinctura Physostigmatis). — 
From 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Physostigmin Salicylate (Eserin Salicylate; Physos- 
tigminae Salicylas). — An alkaloid of physostigma — yj-g- 
to -g 1 ^ grain (0.0005-0.001 gm.). 

Physostigmin Sulphate (Eserin Sulphate ; Physostig- 
minse Sulphas). — From T \-§ to -^ grain (0.0005-0.001 
gm.). Both the sulphate and the salicylate of physos- 
tigmin are used locally by ophthalmologists, in solutions 
of from 1 to 4 grains to I ounce of water. They are 



PILLS. 189 

used in the treatment of affections of the eye, and also 
to counteract the effects of atropin on the pupil. 

Phytolacca (Poke). — Action and Uses. — Phytolacca 
is official as the fruit (phytolaccae fructus) and the root 
(phytolaccse radix) of a perennial herb {Phytolacca de- 
candrd) growing in waste places in North America. It 
is sometimes used as an alterative in chronic rheumatism 
and certain skin-diseases. 

Dose. — Of the fruit y 5 to 15 grains (0.3-1.0 gm.) ; of 
the root, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Phytolacca Root (Extractum Phyto- 
laccae Radicis Fluidum). — Dose, 5 to 30 minims (0.3- 
2.0 c.c.). 

Picrotoxin (Picrotoxinum). — Action and Uses. — 
Picrotoxin is a principle obtained from fish-berries (Ana- 
mirta cocculus), growing in India and the Malayan Islands. 
It is chiefly used to combat night-sweats. The tincture 
of fish-berry is a reliable application for head-lice. 

Dose, -^ to ^ grain (0.0008-0.002 gm.), in pill or 
tablet. 

Pills. — Blaud's Pills. — These are pills of carbonate 
of iron (pilulae ferri carbonatis). They are used in 
anemia. Dose, 1 or 2 pills. 

Blue Pill. — This is a common name applied to blue- 
mass (massa hydrargyri), a mixture of metallic mercury, 
honey of rose, and glycerin. It is used as a cathartic. 
Dose, 3 to 15 grains (0.2-1.0 gm.). 

Compound Cathartic Pills (Pilulae Catharticae Com- 
positae). — These are pills containing 1 grain of calomel, 
with gamboge, extract of colocynth, resin of scammony, 
and extract of jalap. They are employed to secure 
thorough evacuation of the bowels in obstinate constipa- 
tion. Dose, I to 3 pills. 



I90 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Lady Webster's Dinner Pills. — These are pills of 
aloes and mastich (pilulae aloes et mastiches), containing 
about 2 grains of aloes with mastich and red rose. They 
are employed as cathartics in mild but persistent consti- 
pation. Dose, I to 3 pills. 

Plummer's Pills. — These are compound pills of anti- 
mony (Pilulae Antimonii Compositae), containing about J 
grain of sulphurated antimony, with calomel, guaiac, and 
castor oil. They are seldom used at present, but were 
formerly largely employed as an alterative. Dose, 1 to 3 
pills. 

Vegetable Cathartic Pills (Pilulae Catharticae Vege- 
tabiles). — These contain extract of colocynth, aloes, resin 
of scammony, extract of jalap, extract of hyoscyamus, 
extract of leptandra, extract of podophyllum, and oil of 
peppermint. They are employed to secure thorough 
evacuation of the bowel in obstinate constipation. Dose, 
I to 3 pills. 

Pilocarpus (Jaborandi). — Action and Uses. — Pilo- 
carpus is the leaflets of a shrub {Pilocarpus jaborandi and 
other species of Pilocarpus) growing in South America. 
It contains several alkaloids, the chief of which is pilo- 
carpi?!. 

The chief effect of pilocarpin in medicinal doses is an 
increase in the secretions, especially of the sweat and 
saliva. In from ten to fifteen minutes after the hypo- 
dermic administration of the drug profuse perspiration is 
established and persists for several hours. The secre- 
tions of the nose, mouth, and alimentary canal are also 
increased. During or after the sweating there may be 
nausea or vomiting. Coincident with the diaphoresis 
there are a decided fall in the body -temperature and a 
lessening of the force and frequency of the pulse. A 



PINKROOT. 191 

patient taking jaborandi for its diaphoretic action should 
be placed between blankets and carefully watched until 
the effects have passed away. The depression should 
be met with external heat, and stimulants if necessary. 
When pilocarpin is given in small doses by the mouth 
and the patient is kept lightly covered, an increased flow 
of urine occurs instead of the diaphoresis. 

If a solution of pilocarpin ( 1 to 4 grains to the ounce) 
be dropped in the eye, contraction of the pupil results, 
this action of the drug being similar to but less powerful 
than that of eserin. 

As a diaphoretic, pilocarpin is chiefly employed in 
Bright's disease to favor the elimination of poisonous 
matters through the skin and to aid in the removal of 
dropsical accumulations. 

Poisoning". — Symptoms. — The chief symptoms of pilo- 
carpin-poisoning are salivation, copious sweating, nausea, 
vomiting, serous purging, contraction of the pupils, dropsy 
of the lungs, and collapse. 

Treatment. — This consists in maintaining the body- 
temperature, in combating collapse with circulatory 
stimulants, and in counteracting the effect of the drug 
on secretion with atropin. 

Dos9. — Pilocarpin Hydrochlorate (Pilocarpinae Hydro- 
chloras). — From \ to J grain (0.008-0.03 gm.), hypo- 
dermically. 

Pilocarpin Nitrate (Pilocarpinae Nitras). — From \ to J 
grain (0.008-0.03 g m -)> hypodermically. 

Fluid Extract of Pilocarpus ( Extract um Pilocarpi 
Fluidum). — From 20 to 60 minims (1.5-4.0 c.c). 

Infusion of Pilocarpus (Infusum Pilocarpi). — From 1 to 
2 ounces (30-60 c.c). 

Pinkroot.— (See Spigelia) 



I92 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Pipera^in. — This is a compound produced by the 
action of ammonia on ethylene bromid. It has been 
especially advocated as a solvent of uric acid in gout 
and allied affections. Its use, however, has not met with 
general favor. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 gm.) in large drafts of 
water. 

Pix I,iquida. — (See Tar) 

Plumbum. — (See Lead) 

Podophyllum (May-apple). — Action and Uses. — 
Podophyllum is the rhizome and roots of a perennial 
herb {Podophyllum peltatum) growing in North America. 
In full doses it is a slow but active cathartic, producing 
copious liquid evacuations, often with considerable grip- 
ing. It is also thought to be a hepatic stimulant or chola- 
gogue. It is useful in habitual constipation associated 
with bilious attacks. 

Dose. — Resin of Podophyllum or Podophyllin (Resina 
Podophylli). — From \ to \ grain (0.008-0.03 g m 0- 

Extract of Podophyllum (Extractum Podophylli). — 
From \ to 5 grains (0.03-0.3 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Podophyllum (Extractum Podophylli 
Fluidum). — From 2 to 20 minims (0.1 2-1.2 c.c). 

Pomegranate (Granatum). — Action and Uses. — 
Pomegranate is the bark of a small tree growing in 
southwestern Asia and other tropic countries. It con- 
tains a number of alkaloids, the most important of which 
is pelletierin. Pomegranate or its chief alkaloid is a re- 
liable remedy for tape-worm. Large doses of the drug 
may be followed by headache, nausea, vomiting, and mus- 
cular weakness. 

Dose. — Decoction of Pomegranate (Decoctum Granati). 
— This is made by soaking 2 ounces (60 gm.) of the bark 



POTASSIUM. I93 

in 2 pints (1 L.) of water for twenty-four hours, and then 
boiling down to one pint (0.5 L.) — 1 ounce (30 ex.). 

Pelletierin Tannate (Pelletierinae Tannas). — From 5 to 
8 grains (0.3-0.5 gm.) in powder or capsule. 

Tanrefs Pelletierin. — This is a very reliable prepara- 
tion. It is a syrupy solution. Each bottle contains one 
dose for an adult. 

Potassium. — Potassium is represented by a number 
of official salts ; the metal itself is not used medicinally. 

Potassium Hydrate (Potassa ; Caustic Potash ; Lye). 
— This preparation appears as grayish-white pencils or 
fused masses, and is used externally as a powerful and 
quickly acting caustic. When applying the caustic, the 
surrounding parts should first be protected by a piece of 
adhesive plaster, with an opening in its center a little 
smaller than the size of the part to be cauterized. The 
caustic, slightly wetted, is then rubbed on the part until 
it assumes a grayish color ; the plaster is then removed, 
and the caustic washed off with equal parts of vinegar 
and water. The application is very painful. 

Symptoms of Poisoning. — Severe burning pain in the 
throat, stomach, and abdomen, violent vomiting, purging 
of bloody material, and collapse. 

The treatment consists in the use of mild vegetable 
acids, such as vinegar or lemon-juice, to neutralize the 
poison. Vomiting should then be encouraged, and fol- 
lowed with olive oil, milk, and other demulcent drinks, 
to soothe the mucous membrane. External heat and 
stimulants may be indicated. 

Dose. — Solution of Potassa (Liquor Potassse). — From 5 
to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). In this form caustic potash 
is sometimes used internally as an antacid. 

Potassium Acetate (Potassii Acetas). — This salt ap- 
13 



194 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

pears as a white, granular or crystalline, soluble powder, 
of a saline taste. It is used as an unirritating diuretic in 
Bright's disease, as a urinary antacid in acute cystitis and 
uric-acid gravel, and as an alkali in rheumatism and gout. 
Dose, 15 to 60 grains (1-4 gm.). 

Potassium Arsenite. — (See Arsenic.) 

Potassium Bicarbonate (Potassii Bicarbonas; Salera- 
tus). — This salt has the same therapeutic value as the 
acetate, but is far less pleasant to take. Dose, 1 5 to 60 
grains (1-4 gm.). 

Potassium Bitartrate (Potassii Bitartras ; Cream of 
Tartar). — This is one of the most agreeable of the salts 
of potassium. It is used as a diuretic, an antirheumatic, 
and a urinary antacid. In large doses it is an active 
cathartic. Dose, 15 to 60 grains (1-4 gm.). 

A pleasant refrigerant drink is made by dissolving 1 
dram (4 gm.) of cream of tartar in a pint (0.5 L.) of boil- 
ing water, and adding half of a fresh lemon-peel and 
some sugar. 

Cream of tartar zvhey is made by adding 1 dram (4 
gm.) of the salt to \ pint (235 c.c.) of milk. 

Rochelle salt (Double Tartrate of Potassium and 
Sodium). — This is formed by adding cream of tartar to 
a hot solution of sodium carbonate. 

Potassium Bromid. — (See Bromids.) 

Potassium Carbonate (Potassii Carbonas). — This salt 
has about the same properties as the bicarbonate, but is 
most too irritant for internal use. 

Potassium Chlorate (Potassii Chloras). — This salt 
occurs in the form of colorless crystals, odorless, and of 
a saline taste. It is much used as a local application in 
various inflammatory affections of mouth and throat. In 
ulcerative stomatitis, an infectious form of sore mouth 



POTASSIUM. 195 

occurring in ill-nourished children, it is a valuable remedy, 
both locally and internally. The action of the drug on 
the heart and kidneys must be carefully watched. Dose, 
2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.65 gm.), well diluted. 

Troches of Potassium Chlorate (Trochisci Potassii 
Chloratis). — From 1 to 3. 

Poisoning. — In overdoses potassium chlorate is an irri- 
tant poison, producing abdominal pain, vomiting, purging ? 
cyanosis, dyspnea, scanty bloody urine, and collapse. 
The drug should not be used without the advice of a 
physician. 

Potassium Citrate (Potassii Citras). — This salt has 
the same properties as potassium acetate and is used for 
the same purposes. Dose, 15 to 60 grains (1-4 gm.). 

Solution of Potassium Citrate (Liquor Potassii Citratis ; 
Neutral Mixture). — Dose, J to 1 ounce (15 to 30 c.c). 

Effervescent Potassium Citrate (Potassii Citras Effer- 
vescens). — Dose, 30 to 90 grains (2-6 gm.). 

Potassium Cyanid (Potassium Cyanidum). — Potas- 
sium cyanid has the same action as hydrocyanic acid, 
and may be substituted for it. 

The symptoms and treatment of poisoning are the same 
as in hydrocyanic acid poisoning. Dose, ^ to -^ grain 
(0.0032-0.0065 gm.). 

Potassium Iodid. — (See Iodids) 

Potassium Nitrate (Potassii Nitras). — The action of 
this salt resembles that of the acetate and citrate, but is 
more irritating to the stomach and more depressing to 
the heart. It is occasionally used as a diuretic in dropsy. 
Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 gm.), in solution, well 
diluted. 

Potassium-nitrate Paper (Charta Potassii Nitratis ; Niter 
Paper). — This is paper which has been soaked in a solu- 



I96 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

tion of potassium nitrate and dried. Inhalation of the 
fumes of burning niter paper sometimes affords relief in 
asthma. 

Potassium Permanganate (Potassii Permanganas). — 
This salt occurs in the form of dark-purple crystals, of a 
sweetish taste, and very soluble in water. In the pres- 
ence of organic matter it readily parts with its oxygen, 
hence it is a prompt deodorant and disinfectant. Although 
the rapidity with which it is decomposed naturally re- 
stricts its usefulness, solutions of from 20 to 60 grains 
(1.3-4 gm.) to the pint (0.5 L) are often employed advan- 
tageously for their deodorant and disinfectant properties 
in many conditions associated with offensive discharges. 
A warm saturated solution makes a reliable disinfectant 
for the hands when followed by a saturated solution of 
oxalic acid. 

Potassium permanganate stains everything with which 
it comes in contact, but the stain is easily removed with a 
weak solution of oxalic acid. 

Internally, potassium permanganate is used as an em- 
menagogue and as an antidote in opium-poisoning. In 
large dose the drug acts as a corrosive poison. Dose, 
1 to 3 grains (0.32-0.2 gm.) in pill or tablet, after meals, 
with large drafts of water. In opium-poisoning from 3 to 
5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.), dissolved in a glassful of water, 
should be given at once and repeated in thirty minutes. 

Condy's Fluid. — This is a disinfectant solution contain- 
ing 16 grains (1.03 gm.) of potassium permanganate to 
the ounce (30 c.c.) of water. 

Potassium and Sodium Tartrate (Potassii et Sodii 
Tartras ; Rochelle Salt).— This preparation is used as a 
hydragogue cathartic. It is somewhat less active than 
Epsom salt, but more agreeable to take. It is an ingre- 



POWDERS. 197 

dient of Seidlitz powders. Dose, 1 to 4 drams (4-15 gm.). 
It may be taken in hot water with a few drops of tincture 
of ginger or in Seltzer water. 

Powders. — Aromatic Powder (Pulvis Aromaticus). 
— This is a powder containing cinnamon, ginger, carda- 
mom, and nutmeg. It is used for flavoring purposes. 
Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.65-2.0 gm.). 

Compound Chalk Powder (Pulvis Cretse Compositus). 
— This is a powder containing prepared chalk, acacia, and 
sugar. It is employed as an astringent in diarrhea. Dose, 
5 to 60 grains (0.3-4.0 gm.). 

Compound Licorice Powder (Pulvis Glycyrrhizae 
Compositus). — This is a powder containing senna, sul- 
phur, licorice, fennel, and sugar. It is employed as a 
mild laxative. Dose, J to 2 drams (2-8 gm.). 

Compound Jalap Powder (Pulvis Jalapae Composi- 
tus). — This is a powder containing about one-third jalap 
and two-thirds potassium bitartrate. It is an active 
hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 15 to 40 grains (1.0-2.6 
gm.). 

Dover's Powder (Powder of Ipecac and Opium ; Pul- 
vis Ipecacuanhae et Opii). — This is a powder containing 
1 grain (0.065 gm.) each of opium and ipecac to 8 grains 
(0.52 gm.) of sugar of milk. It is employed as a dia- 
phoretic and anodyne. Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 
gm.). 

James's Powder (Pulvis Antimonialis). — This is a 
powder composed of one-third antimony oxid and two- 
thirds calcium phosphate. It is a diaphoretic, but is 
rarely used at the present time. Dose, 3 to 10 grains 
(0.2-0.65 gm.). 

Gregory's Powder (Compound Powder of Rhubarb ; 
Pulvis Rhei Compositus). — This is a powder composed 



I98 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

of rhubarb, magnesia, and ginger. It is a mild cathartic. 
Dose, J to 1 dram (2-4 gm.). 

Seidlitz Powder (Compound Effervescing Powder ; 
Pulvis Efifervescens Compositus). — Each blue powder 
contains 2 drams (7.75 gm.) of Rochelle salts and 40 
grains (2.6 gm.) of sodium bicarbonate. Each white 
powder contains 35 grains (2.25 gm.) of tartaric acid. It 
is a mild saline cathartic. Dose, one set of powders. 

Tully's Powder (Compound Powder of Morphin ; 
Pulvis Morphinae Compositus). — Each 10 grains (0.6 
gm.) of the powder contain % grain (0.0 1 gm.) of mor- 
phin sulphate, with camphor, licorice, and calcium phos- 
phate. It is used as an anodyne and somnifacient. 
Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.65 gm.). 

Protargol. — (See Silver.) 

Pulsatilla. — Action and Uses. — Pulsatilla is the herb 
of a perennial plant {Anemone Pulsatilla or Anemone 
prcetensis) growing in temperate regions. It contains a 
crystalline principle known as anemonin. Locally, Pul- 
satilla is an irritant. Internally, large doses depress the 
heart and may cause nausea and vomiting. The drug 
has been largely abandoned by regular practitioners, but 
is sometimes used as a heart-depressant in acute inflam- 
matory diseases, as a respiratory sedative in asthma, and 
as an emmenagogue. 

Dose. — Extract of Pulsatilla (Extractum Pulsatillae).—- 
Form J to 1 grain (0.032-0.065 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Pulsatilla (Extractum Pulsatillae Flu- 
idum). — From 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Anemonin. — From ^ to J grain (0.0054-0.03 gm.). 

Pumpkin-seed. — (See Pepo) 

Pyrethrum (Pellitory). — Action and Uses. — Pyre- 
thrum is the root of a perennial plant (Anacyclus pyre- 



PYROGALLOL. 1 99 

thrum) growing in northern Africa. It contains a resinous 
principle, pyrethrin. It is a local irritant. When chewed, 
it causes a prickling sensation in the mouth and a copious 
flow of saliva. Internally, large doses cause bloody 
diarrhea, quickening of the pulse, convulsions, and stupor. 
It is occasionally employed as a sialogogue and stimu- 
lant to mucous membranes. 

Dose, J to 1 dram (2-4 gm.), administered by mastica- 
tion. 

Tincture of Pyrethrum (Tinctura Pyrethri). — Used 
locally. 

Pyridin. — -Action and Uses. — Pyridin is a base found 
in tobacco-smoke and coal-tar naphtha. It is a colorless 
liquid with a powerful and persistent odor. The inhala- 
tion of its fumes has been found of value in asthma, 
about a dram of the drug being exposed upon a plate, in 
a small closed room, in which the patient remains for 
half an hour. 

In toxic doses pyridin produces cyanosis, muscular 
relaxation, and asphyxia. 

Pyrogallol (Pyrogallic Acid). — Action and Uses. — 
Pyrogallol is produced by the action of heat on gallic 
acid. It occurs in the form of colorless, soluble needles, 
of a bitterish taste. Locally it is a powerful irritant or 
caustic and a parasiticide. It stains the skin and clothing 
a brownish color. As a caustic, it is generally employed 
in the form of an ointment, from 20 to 40 per cent, in 
strength. As a local stimulant or parasiticide, it may be 
employed in an ointment or in flexible collodion, in the 
strength of from 10 to 40 grains (0.65-2.6 gm.) to the 
ounce (30 gm.). When applied over too large a sur- 
face, absorption may result, with poisoning, the symptoms 
of which are headache, vomiting, diarrhea, chills, a green- 



200 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

ish hue of the skin, dark-brown colored urine, rapid pulse 
and respiration, restlessness, coma, and death. 

Quassia. — Action and Uses. — Quassia is the wood 
of a large tree {Picrcena excelsd) growing in the West 
Indies. It contains a bitter principle known as quassin. 
It is employed as a stomachic and bitter tonic in mild 
forms of indigestion and in the convalescence of acute 
fevers. The infusion is also used in the form of an 
enema for the destruction of seat-worms. 

Dose. — Extract of Quassia (Extractum Quassiae). — 
From I to 3 grains (0.065-0.2 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Quassia (Extractum Quassiae Flu- 
idum). — From 5 to 10 minims (0.3-O.6 c.c). 

Tincture of Quassia (Tinctura Quassiae). — From \ to 
I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Infusion of Quassia (Infusum Quassiae). — From I to 3 
ounces (30-90 c.c). As an enema, J to 1 pint (235-475 
c.c). The infusion is made by adding 2 drams of the 
chips to 1 pint of cold water, allowing it to stand half 
an hour, and then straining. 

Quassin. — From -^ to -J- grain (0.002-0.02 gm.). 

Quicksilver. — (See Mercury) 

Quinin. — (See Cinchona) 

Resin (Resina). — Action and Uses. — Resin is the 
hard residue remaining after distilling off the volatile oil 
(oil of turpentine) from turpentine (terebinthina). In 
the form of the cerate it is chiefly employed as a 
stimulating application in indolent ulcers, and in the 
form of the plaster it is used for the fixation of surgical 
dressings. 

Preparations. — Resin Cerate (Ceratum Resinae). — This 
consists of resin (35 parts), yellow wax (15 parts), and 
lard (50 parts). 



RHEUM. 201 

Resin Plaster (Emplastrum Resinae). — This consists 
of resin (14 parts), lead-plaster (80 parts), and yellow 
wax (6 parts). 

Resorcin (Resorcinum). — Action and Uses. — Re- 
sorcin occurs in the form of colorless crystals, having a 
sweetish, pungent taste. Chemically, it is allied to car- 
bolic acid, which it also resembles in action, although it 
is less toxic and irritant. Large doses cause dizziness, 
headache, ringing in the ears, tremors, convulsions, un- 
consciousness, and collapse. 

Resorcin is chiefly employed in solution or in ointment, 
in the strength of from 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.) to 
the ounce (30 c.c. or gm.), in the treatment of certain 
skin-diseases, especially in eczema, pruritus, and dandruff 
Internally, it is occasionally used as an antiseptic in flatu- 
lent dyspepsia and diarrhea. 

Dose, 1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.) in pill or capsule. 

Rhamnus Purshiana. — (See Cascara Sagrada) 

Rheum (Rhubarb). — Rhubarb is the root of a peren- 
nial herb {Rheum officinale} growing in Asia. 

Action and Uses. — In small doses it is a stomachic 
and laxative. In large doses it is a purgative. As it 
contains tannic acid, constipation is apt to follow its ca- 
thartic action. 

Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.65-2.0 gm.). 

Extract of Rhubarb (Extractum Rhei). — From 5 to 10 
grains (0.32-0.65 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Rhubarb (Extractum Rhei Fluidum). 
— From 10 to 30 minims (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

Syrup of Rhubarb (Syrupus Rhei). — From J to 4 drams 
(2-15 c.c). 

Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb (Syrupus Rhei Aromati- 
cus). — From J to 4 drams (2-15 c.c). 



202 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Tincture of Rhubarb (Tinctura Rhei). — From I to 2 
drams (4-8 c.c). 

Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb (Tinctura Rhei Aro- 
matica). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Sweet Tincture of Rhubarb (Tinctura Rhei Dulcis). — 
From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Pills of Rhubarb (Pilulae Rhei). — From 1 to 3 pills. 
Each pill contains 3 grains of rhubarb. 

Compound Rhubarb Powder (Pulvis Rhei Compositus). 
— From \ to 1 dram (2-4 gm.). 

Rhus Glabra. — (See Sumach) 

Rochelle Salt. — (See Potassium and Sodium Tar- 
trate). 

Rose (Rosa). — The petals of two species of the rose 
are employed in medicine — pale rose {Rosa centifolid) and 
red rose (Rose gallica). They contain a volatile oil, tan- 
nic acid, and a small amount of sugar. The preparations 
of rose are feebly astringent ; they are chiefly used, how- 
ever, as agreeable vehicles. 

Preparations. — Rose-water (Aqua Rosae). — From I to 
8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Stronger Rose-water (Aqua Rosae Fortior; Triple 
Rose-water). — From J to 4 drams (2-15 c.c). 

Cold Cream (Unguentum Aquae Rosae). — Used as an 
emollient and protective. 

Oil of Rose (Oleum Rosae ; Ottar of Rose). — A per- 
fume. 

Confection of Rose (Confectio Rosae). — Used as a basis 
for pills. 

Fluid Extract of Rose (Extractum Rosae Fluidum). — 
From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Syrup of Rose (Syrupus Rosae). — One dram (4 c.c). 

Honey of Rose (Mel Rosae). — From I to 2 drams (4-8 



SALICIN. 203 

c.c). It is slightly astringent, and is used as an applica- 
tion to the mouth and throat in combination with other 

agents. 

Rosemary (Rosmarinus). — Action and Uses. — 
Rosemary is a perennial shrub {Rosmarinus officinalis} 
growing in southern Europe. It is employed in medicine 
only in the form of a volatile oil (oleum rosmarini). This 
is chiefly used to impart a pleasant odor to lotions, lini- 
ments, and ointments. 

Saccharin (Glusidum). — Action and Uses. — Sac- 
charin is a sweet substance obtained from coal-tar. It 
possesses nearly 500 times the sweetening power of 
cane-sugar, and is employed as a substitute for the latter 
in diabetes and other conditions in which sugar is for- 
bidden. One grain will sweeten a cup of tea or coffee. 

Dose, 1 to 3 grains (0.65-0.2 gm.). 

Saccharum. — (See Sugar) 

Sage (Salvia). — Action and Uses. — Sage is the leaves 
of a perennial plant {Salvia officinalis) growing in most 
temperate countries. It contains a volatile oil and tannic 
acid. It is sometimes used to check night-sweats and as 
an astringent and stimulating gargle in sore throat. 

Dose, J to 1 ounce (15-30 c.c.) of an infusion made 
by adding an ounce (30 gm.) of the leaves to a pint (0.5 L.) 
of boiling water. 

Salicin (Salicinum). — Action and Uses. — Salicin is a 
neutral principle obtained from several species of willow 
(Salix). It occurs in white, silky needles, of a very 
bitter taste. It is partly converted in the body into sali- 
cylic acid, hence it has been used internally in rheuma- 
tism. While it is less irritating to the stomach than the 
ordinary salicylates, it is far less active. 

Dose, 10 to 60 grains (0.65-4.0 gm.). 



204 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Salicylates. — The salts of salicylic acid most fre- 
quently used in medicine are ammonium salicylate, bis- 
muth salicylate, lithium salicylate, methyl salicylate, so- 
dium salicylate, and strontium salicylate. 

In health a single moderate dose of one of the salicyl- 
ates may cause no special symptoms. Large doses, how- 
ever, give rise to fulness in the head, headache, ringing in 
the ears, deafness, perhaps dimness of vision, fall of tem- 
perature, and free sweating. Toxic doses produce, in 
addition, a feeble pulse, shallow respiration, paralysis, 
and collapse. 

The salicylates are chiefly useful as antirheumatics, 
analgesics, and intestinal antiseptics. 

Ammonium Salicylate (Ammonii Salicylas). — This 
salt is somewhat more agreeable to the taste and less 
nauseating than the sodium salt. Dose, 5 to 20 grains 
(0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Bismuth Salicylate (Bismuthi Salicylas). — This is a 
tasteless, insoluble powder. It is used solely as an in- 
testinal antiseptic and astringent in diarrhea. Dose, 5 to 
20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Lithium Salicylate (Lithii Salicylas). — This salt is 
somewhat less irritating to the stomach than sodium 
salicylate, for which it is sometimes substituted. Dose, 
5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Methyl Salicylate (Methyl Salicylas; Artificial Oil 
of Wintergreen). — This preparation is almost identical 
in its properties and actions with the natural oil of win- 
tergreen (oil of gaultheria), which is composed almost 
entirely of pure methyl salicylate. It is sometimes used 
internally as a substitute for sodium . salicylate in the 
treatment of rheumatism. Externally it makes an ex- 
cellent application to the inflamed joints. Dose, 5 to 20 



SALOPHEN. 205 

minims (0.3-1.2 c.c.) on sugar, in emulsion, or in cap- 
sules. 

Sodium Salicylate (Sodii Salicylas). — This is the most 
commonly used salicylate. Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3- 
1.3 gm.), well diluted, after meals. 

Strontium Salicylate (Strontii Salicylas). — This salt 
is perhaps the least irritating to the stomach of all the 
salicylates. Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Salipyrin (Antipyrin Salicylate).— This is a combina- 
tion of antipyrin and salicylic acid. It has been recom- 
mended in the treatment of rheumatism, sciatica, and 
influenza. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Salol (Phenyl Salicylate). — Action and Uses. — Salol 
is a compound composed of salicylic acid (60 parts) and 
carbolic acid (40 parts), into which it is converted by the 
alkaline juices of the bowel. It is better tolerated by the 
stomach than salicylic acid or the salicylates, but its anti- 
rheumatic action is less prompt and powerful. In large 
doses it produces the same untoward effects as other 
salicylic compounds — namely, headache, dizziness, ring- 
ing in the ears, and deafness. Being converted in the 
bowel into two active antiseptics, it is often of service in 
controlling fermentation in diarrheal diseases. 

Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.), in pill, capsule, or 
powder. Hard pills and tablets may resist solution and 
escape from the bowel unabsorbed. 

Salophen. — This is a synthetic product containing 
about 50 per cent, of salicylic acid, which is liberated 
from it in the bowel. It is less active as an antirheumatic 
remedy than sodium salicylate, but has advantages over 
the latter in being tasteless and unirritating to the 
stomach. 



206 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Saltpeter. — (See Potassium Nitrate) 

Sandalwood (Santal). — Action and Uses. — Sandal- 
wood is the wood of a small tree (Santalum album) grow- 
ing in India. It contains a volatile oil (oleum santali), in 
which form it is employed medicinally. Oil of sandal- 
wood resembles copaiba in its action, and, like the latter, 
is used as a stimulant expectorant and a stimulant diu- 
retic. 

Dose, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.3 c.c.) in capsule or 
emulsion. 

Sanguinaria (Blood-root). — Action and Uses. — San- 
guinaria is the root of a perennial herb {Sanguinaria 
canadensis) growing in the woods of North America. 
It has been employed as an emetic and a stimulant 
expectorant, but it is falling into disuse. Large doses 
cause salivation, burning in the stomach, convulsions, and 
death from paralysis of respiration. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Sanguinaria (Extractum 
Sanguinariae Fluidum). — From 1 to 5 minims (0.06- 
0.3 c.c). 

Tincture of Sanguinaria (Tinctura Sanguinariae). — From 
5 to 30 minims (0.3-2.0 c.c). 

Santonin (Santoninum). — Action and Uses. — San- 
tonin is an alkaloid of santonica, or Levant wormseed. 
It is used as an anthelmintic against the round-worm. 
It should be followed in a few hours by a cathartic, such 
as calomel or castor oil. It is excreted by the kidneys 
and imparts to the urine a yellow color. 

Overdoses cause giddiness, tremors, sweating, convul- 
sions, and a peculiar disturbance of vision (xanthopsia) 
in which objects appear yellow. 

Dose, J to 2 grains (0.03-0.13 gm.). 



SCAMMONY. 207 

Troches of Santonin (Trochisci Santonini). — Dose, I 
troche. Each troche contains \ grain (0.03 gm.) of san- 
tonin. 

Sarsaparilla. — Action and Uses. — Sarsaparilla is 
the root of Smilax officinalis and other species of smilax, 
climbing evergreens growing in the forests of tropic 
America. It is used as a tonic and alterative, and, in 
the form of the compound syrup, as an agreeable vehicle. 

Dose. — Compound Decoction of Sarsaparilla (Decoc- 
tum Sarsaparillae Compositum). — From 1 to 4 ounces 
(30-120 c.c.). 

Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla (Extractum Sarsaparillae 
Fluidum). — From J to I dram (2-4 c.c). 

Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla (Extractum 
Sarsaparillae Fluidum Compositum). — From J to I dram 
(2-4 c.c). 

Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla (Syrupus Sarsapa- 
rillae Compositus). — From 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 
This preparation is much used as a vehicle. 

Savin (Sabina). — Action and Uses. — Savin is the 
tops of the Juniperus sabina, a European evergreen. 
Internally, in small repeated doses, it is a powerful uterine 
stimulant. As an external irritant, it is sometimes em- 
ployed in the form of a cerate for maintaining discharges 
from blistered surfaces. It is a drug that must be used 
with caution, since overdoses produce violent gastro- 
intestinal inflammation and death in collapse. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Savin (Extractum Sabinae 
Fluidum). — From 5 to 16 minims (0.3-1.0 c.c). 

Oil of Savin (Oleum Sabinae). — From 3 to 6 minims 
(0.2-0.4 c.c), in emulsion or capsule. 

Seammony (Scammonium). — Action and Uses. — 
Scammony is an exudation from the root of an herb 



208 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

{Convolvulus scammonid) growing in Asia. It is a drastic 
cathartic, resembling jalap in its action, although it is 
much more irritating. On account of its tendency to 
excite griping, it is usually combined with other milder 
cathartics. 

Dose, 2 to io grains (0.13-0.65 gm.), given in emul- 
sion. 

Resin of Scammony (Resina Scammonii). — From 1 to 
8 grains (0.065-0.5 gm.). 

Compound Extract of Colocynth (Extractum Colocyn- 
thidis Compositum). — This contains 14 per cent, of resin 
of scammony. Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.) as a 
purgative. 

Scoparius (Broom). — Action and Uses. — Broom is 
the tops of Cystisus scoparius , a shrub growing in west- 
ern Asia and southern Europe. It is chiefly employed 
as a diuretic in dropsy. In large doses it acts as an 
emetic and cathartic. It contains two active principles 
— spartein and scoparin. 

Dose, 5 to 20 grains (0.3-1.3 gm.) in infusion. 

A decoction is made by adding \ ounce of the fresh 
broom-tops to 1 pint of water, and boiling them down 
to \ pint. Dose, 1 ounce (30 c.c). 

Fluid Extract of Broom (Extractum Scopariae Flu- 
idum). — From 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c). 

Scoparin is rarely used as a diuretic. Dose, I to 10 
grains (0.06-0.6 gm.). Hypodermically, J to I grain 
(0.03-0.065 gm.). 

Spartein Sulphate. — From \ to \ grain (0.01-0.03 gm.). 

Scopolamin. — Action and Uses. — This is an alka- 
loid obtained from the roots of Scopolia carniolica, grow- 
ing in southern Europe. Its action resembles that of 
atropin. It is chiefly employed by ophthalmologists to 



SENNA. 209 

dilate the pupil and to paralyze the power of the eye to 
accommodate for distance. Its effects on the eye are 
less lasting than those of atropin. 

Seidlits Powder. — (See Potassium^) 

Senecio (Ragwort). — Action and Uses. — Senecio is 
the entire plant of Senecio aureus, an herb growing in 
North America. It has been found useful as an emmen- 
agogue. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Senecio. — From \ to 1 dram 
(2-4 c.c.). 

Tincture of Senecio. — From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Senega. — Action and Uses. — Senega is the root of 
a perennial herb (Polygala senega) growing in the woody 
places of North America. It is a stimulant expectorant 
and a diuretic. In large doses it acts as a cathartic and 
emetic. Locally it is an irritant. 

Dose.— Fluid Extract of Senega (Extractum Senegae 
Fluidum). — From 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Syrup of Senega (Syrupus Senegae). — From J to 2 
drams (2-8 c.c). 

Senna. — Action and Uses. — Senna is the dried leaves 
of Cassia acutifolia and Cassia angustifolia, small shrubs 
growing respectively in Africa and India. It is an active 
cathartic, but is apt to cause considerable flatulence and 
griping. To avoid this, it is usually given in combination 
with other drugs. 

Dose, 20 to 60 grains (1.3-4.0 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Senna (Extractum Sennae Fluidum). 
— From 1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Syrup of Senna (Syrupus Sennae). — From 1 to 4 drams 
(4-16 c.c). 

Compound Infusion of Senna (Infusum Sennae Com- 
positum). — From 2 to 8 ounces (60-240 c.c). Contains 
14 



210 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

senna, manna, and sulphate of magnesia. It is known as 
the " black draft." 

Compound Licorice Powder (Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Com- 
posita). — Contains 18 per cent, of powdered senna, with 
licorice, sulphur, sugar, and oil of fennel — J to 2 drams 
(2-8 gm.). 

Confection of Senna (Confectio Sennae). — From I to 2 
drams (4-8 gm.). 

Serpentaria (Virginia Snakeroot). — Action and Uses. 
— Serpentaria is the roots of a perennial herb (Aristolochia 
serpentaria) growing in the southern United States. It is 
used chiefly as a bitter or stomachic. Large doses excite 
nausea and vomiting. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Serpentaria (Extractum 
Serpentariae Fluidum).— From 10 to 30 minims (0.6- 
2.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Serpentaria (Tinctura Serpentarise). — From 
1 to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Silver (Argentum). — The preparations of silver usu- 
ally employed in medicine are the nitrate, certain or- 
ganic compounds, such as protargol and argyrol, and 
Crede's soluble silver. 

Silver Nitrate (Argenti Nitras). — Action and Uses. 
— Silver nitrate appears as heavy, transparent crystals, 
having an acrid metallic taste. Externally it is employed 
in concentrated form as a caustic to destroy small growths, 
like warts, and in dilute form (5 to 60 grains — 0.3-4.0 
gm. — to the ounce — 30 c.c.) as an antiseptic and astrin- 
gent in the treatment of ulcers and inflamed mucous 
membranes. Internally it is used as an astringent and 
antiseptic in gastric catarrh, gastric ulcer, and diarrhea. 
In gastric affections it should always be given on an 
empty stomach. 



SIL VER. 2 1 1 

Dose, \ to \ grain (0.1-0.3 gm.). As an enema, 
I to 3 grains (0.06-0.2 gm.) to 4 ounces of water 
(120 c.c.). 

Mitigated Caustic (Diluted Silver Nitrate ; Argenti Ni- 
tras Dilutus). — Used externally as a caustic. 

Lunar Caustic (Molded Silver Nitrate ; Argenti Nitras 
Fusus). — A white pencil or cone-shaped solid, used as a 
caustic. 

Poisoning-. — Acute poisoning by silver nitrate is char- 
acterized by severe pain in the abdomen, vomiting, purg- 
ing, and collapse. The vomit is white, and the stools are 
black. Death is sometimes preceded by delirium, con- 
vulsions, and coma. 

Treatment. — Common table-salt should be given freely 
well diluted. This forms an insoluble and inert chlorid 
of silver and acts as an emetic. Large quantities of milk 
may also be given. External heat and stimulants are 
required when there is collapse. 

The prolonged use of silver nitrate, even in medicinal 
doses, is sometimes followed by permanent slate-colored 
pigmentation of the skin (argyria) from the deposit of 
metallic silver. 

Protargol. — This is a compound of silver with albumin 
containing 8 per cent, of metallic silver. It is not pre- 
cipitated by the chlorids and albumins of the secretions. 
It is a powerful germicide, comparatively free from irri- 
tant properties. It has been found very useful in solu- 
tions of from 1 to 10 per cent, in inflammatory diseases 
of mucous membranes. 

Argyrol. — This is a compound of silver and vegetable 
albumin containing 30 per cent, of the metal. It has all 
the advantages of protargol, and is perhaps less irritant 
than that compound. In solutions of from 5 to 20 per 



212 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

cent, it has been used with great success in inflammations 
of mucous membranes. 

Soluble or Colloidal Silver. — This is a soluble form 
of metallic silver. In the form of a 1 5 per cent, ointment, 
known as Crede's ointment, it has been found of service 
as a local remedy in erysipelas and various septic inflam- 
mations. 

Sinapis. — (See Mustard) 

Sodium is a metallic element not used in medicine, 
but is represented by many of its salts, the action of 
which is similar to that of potassium, although less de- 
pressing. 

Sodium Arsenate. — (See Arsenous Acid) 

Sodium Benzoate. — (See Benzoin) 

Sodium Bicarbonate (Sodii Bicarbonas). — This salt is 
employed as an antacid in gastric fermentation. Given 
before meals, it probably has the power of increasing the 
secretion of gastric juice. Externally, it is a useful seda- 
tive, both as a dusting-powder and in solution, in ivy- 
poisoning, burns, and acute inflammatory skin-diseases. 
Dose, 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Seidlitz Powder (Pulvis Effervescens Compositus). — 
One set of powders. 

Mixture of Rhubarb and Soda (Mistura Rhei et Sodae). 
— From 1 to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Troches of Sodium Bicarbonate (Trochisci Sodii Bicar- 
bonatis). — Each contains 3 grains (0.2 gm.). 

Sodium Borate. — (See Borax) 

Sodium Bromid. — (See Bromids) 

Sodium Carbonate (Sodii Carbonas ; Sal Soda ; Wash- 
ing Soda). — This salt has the same properties as sodium 
bicarbonate, but it is rarely given internally on account 



SODIUM. 213 

of its disagreeable taste and irritant action. Dose, 5 to 10 
grains (0.3-0.65 gm.). 

Sodium Chlorid (Sodii Chloridum ; Common, Table, 
or Sea-salt). — This salt is a useful food. It furnishes the 
materials from which the hydrochloric acid of the gastric 
juice is formed. An aqueous solution of sodium chlorid 
corresponding in saline strength to normal blood-serum 
is known as normal salt solution. It may be prepared by 
adding a heaping teaspoonful of salt (6 gm.) to a quart 
(1 L.) of sterilized water. Normal salt solution is much 
used for the irrigation of cavities. Injected subcutane- 
ously (hypodermoclysis), or intravenously (infusion), it is 
valuable in maintaining vascular fulness, in stimulating 
the heart, in diluting poisonous substances in the blood, 
and in promoting the secretion of the kidneys. Thus it 
has been found very useful in shock, collapse, hemor- 
rhage, uremia, and sepsis. The fluid should enter the 
tissues at a temperature of 105 ° F. (40 C), and to in- 
sure this the temperature of the water in the reservoir 
should be maintained at no° F. (44 C). The quantity 
of fluid injected varies from 8 ounces (235 c.c.) to 1 quart 

(1 14 

Intestinal irrigation (enteroclysis) with hot normal salt 
solution (io5°-iio° F. — 40°-44° C.) for half an hour or 
more is also a valuable means of combating shock. 

In doses of from J to 1 ounce (15-30 gm.) common 
salt is sometimes used as an emetic. 

A simple enema for unloading the bowel is made by 
adding two tablespoonfuls of salt to a pint of water. 

Added to the bath, in the proportion of I pound to 4 
gallons of water, it exerts a stimulant effect upon the skin 
and makes a good reaction more likely to occur. 

Sodium Hydrate (Soda ; Caustic Soda). — This salt is 



214 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

a powerful caustic, resembling caustic potash in its 
action. 

Poisoning by soda is characterized by intense pain in 
the throat, gullet, and abdomen, vomiting and purging of 
mucous and bloody matter, and collapse. 

Treatment of poisoning consists in administering weak 
acids, like vinegar or lemon-juice, as antidotes, in allaying 
irritation by demulcents, and in combating collapse by 
external heat and stimulants. 

Sodium Iodid. — (See Iodids) 

Sodium Nitrite. — (See Nitrites?) 

Sodium Phosphate (Sodii Phosphas). — This salt in 
small doses acts as a laxative; in large doses, as a 
purgative. It is also believed to have some power 
in stimulating the secretion of bile. It is useful in 
simple constipation, in chronic gastric catarrh with 
constipation, and in catarrhal jaundice. Dose, I to 4 
drams (4- 1 6 gm.). 

Sodium Salicylate. — (See Salicylates?) 

Sodium Sulphate (Sodii Sulphas ; Glauber's Salt). — 
This salt is an active hydragogue cathartic, producing 
large wateiy stools, often with considerable griping. It 
is less frequently employed than magnesium sulphate 
(Epsom salt), being more irritant. Dose, 2 to 8 drams 
(8-30 gm.). 

So^oiodol (Sozoiodolic Acid). — This preparation in 
the form of a 2 to 5 per cent, solution has been em- 
ployed to some extent as an antiseptic for wounds and 
inflamed mucous membranes. Mixed with chalk or 
starch, it has also been used as a dusting-powder in 
place of iodoform. 

Spartein. — Spartein is an alkaloid obtained from the 
common broom (Cytisus scoparius). Its action resembles 



SQUILL. 215 

that of digitalis, for which it is sometimes substituted in 
chronic heart-disease. It is generally prescribed in the 
form of spartein sulphate. 

Dose, \ to \ grain (0.015-0.03 gm.). 

Spearmint (Mentha Viridis). — The action of spear- 
mint is similar to that of peppermint. It is used as a 
carminative and flavoring agent. 

Dose. — Spearmint Water (Aqua Menthse Viridis). — 
From 1 to 8 drams (4-30 c.c). 

Oil of Spearmint (Oleum Menthae Viridis). — From 1 
to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Spermaceti (Cetaceum). — Spermaceti is a fatty sub- 
stance obtained from the head of the sperm-whale. It is 
employed to give proper consistence to ointments and 
cerates. 

Spigelia (Pinkroot). — Action and Uses. — Spigelia is 
the root of a perennial herb (Spigelia marilandicd) grow- 
ing in the southern United States. It is a very efficient 
remedy for round-worms. It should be followed by a 
purge. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Spigelia (Extractum Spigelian 
Fluidum). — From J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Spirit of Nitrous Ether (Spiritus JEtheris Nitrosi ; 
Sweet Spirit of Niter). — Action and Uses. — Spirit of 
nitrous ether is a weak alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite. 
It rapidly deteriorates on exposure to light and air. It 
is employed as a mild diaphoretic, diuretic, and febrifuge, 
especially in the febrile diseases of childhood. 

Dose, for a child, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c.) in 
sweetened water ; for an adult, \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Squill (Scilla). — Action and Uses. — Squill is the 
dried bulb of a perennial herb (Urginia maritimd) grow- 
ing on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a 



2l6 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

cardiac stimulant, expectorant, and diuretic. In large 
doses it acts as an emetic. 

Dose. — Powdered Squill (Pulvis Scillae). — From I to 5 
grains (0.065-0.3 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Squill (Extractum Scillae Fluidum). 
— From I to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). 

Syrup of Squill (Syrupus Scillae). — From J to 1 dram 
(2-4 c.c). 

Compound Syrup of Squill (Syrupus Scillae Compos- 
itus). — From 10 to 60 minims (0.6-4.0 c.c). 

Tincture of Squill (Tinctura Scillae). — From 10 to 20 
minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Starch (Amylum). — Action and Uses. — Powdered 
starch is much used externally as an absorbent and 
protective dusting-powder in chafing. In the form of a 
poultice it is sometimes used to allay inflammation or to 
remove crusts in skin-diseases. Given as an enema, it 
acts as a demulcent in inflammatory conditions of the 
rectum. It is also given by enema as a vehicle for con- 
veying drugs into the rectum. 

The starch poultice is made by mixing ordinary laun- 
dry starch with cold water, and then adding boiling water 
in sufficient quantity to produce a thick paste. It is 
spread smoothly and evenly on a piece of old muslin of 
the desired size, leaving a margin of about one inch to 
turn in all around the poultice. Another layer of muslin 
is put over the face of the poultice and the edges are 
turned well under to prevent the starch escaping. Very 
often belladonna or laudanum is sprinkled over the sur- 
face to allay pain. 

As an enema the starch should be prepared as for 
laundry use, except that it should be thin enough to pass 
through the syringe. 



STR OPHANTHUS. 2 1 7 

From 1 to 3 ounces of the mixture are generally em- 
ployed, and to this 15 to 30 drops of laudanum are 
sometimes added. The enema should stand until luke- 
warm before injecting. 

Stramonium (Jamestown Weed; Thorn-apple). — 
Action and Uses. — Stramonium is official as the leaves 
(Stramonii folia) and the seed (Stramonii semen) of a 
weed {Datura stramonium) growing in waste places in 
most temperate regions. Its action closely resembles 
that of belladonna. It contains an alkaloid, daturin, 
which is the therapeutic equivalent of atropin. 

Dose. — Daturin. — From y^ to -^ grain (0.0005-0.001 
gm.). 

Extract of Stramonium (Extractum Stramonii Seminis). 
— From -§- to \ grain (0.01-0.032 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Stramonium (Extractum Stramo- 
nii Seminis Fluidum). — From 1 to 2 minims (0.06- 
O.12 c.c). 

Tincture of Stramonium (Tinctura Stramonii Seminis). 
— From 10 to 20 minims (0.6-1.2 c.c). 

Ointment of Stramonium (Unguenti Stramonii). — A 
useful sedative in hemorrhoids. 

Strontium. — The salts of strontium in common use 
are the bromid, iodid, and salicylate. (See Bromids y 
lodids, and Salicylates.) 

Strophanthus. — Action and Uses. — Strophantus is 
the seed of a climber {Strophanthus hispidus) growing in 
the forests of tropic Africa. It contains a principle known 
as strophanlhin. The action of strophanthus is much 
like that of digitalis. Like the latter, it stimulates the 
heart, slows the pulse, and increases the flow of urine. 
It has, however, less constricting effect upon the periph- 
eral arteries than digitalis, and is less prone to disturb 



2l8 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

the stomach. It has no cumulative effect, but, on the 
whole, it is less reliable than digitalis. 

Dose. — Strophanthin. — From j^ to -fa grain (0.0006- 
O.0013 gm.). 

Tincture of Strophanthus (Tinctura Strophanthi). — 
From 3 to 10 minims (0.2-0.6 c.c). 

Strychnin. — (See Nux Vomica) 

Stypticin (Cotarnin Hydrochlorate). — This is an arti- 
ficial alkaloid obtained by oxidizing narcotin, one of the 
alkaloids of opium. It is chiefly employed to arrest 
uterine hemorrhage. 

Dose, J to 3 grains (0.03-0.2 gm.) by the mouth or 
hypodermically. 

Sugar. — Cane-sugar (saccharum) is the refined sugar 
from sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum). It is employed 
as a preservative, as a vehicle or excipient, and as a 
sweetening agent. 

Sugar of Milk (Lactose ; Saccharum Lactis). — This is 
sugar obtained from the whey of cow's milk. It is 
harder, less soluble, and less sweet than cane-sugar. It 
is used largely as a diluent for powders. 

Fruit-sugar (Levulose). — This is a saccharine substance 
found in most sweet fruits, and prepared artificially from 
cane-sugar. It is sometimes used in diabetes as a sub- 
stitute for cane-sugar. 

Grape-sugar (Glucose). — A sugar found in grapes, 
and prepared artificially by acting on starch with sul- 
phuric acid. It is only half as sweet as cane-sugar, but 
is not injurious. 

Sulphonal. — Action and Uses. — This is a complex 
artificial compound appearing as a colorless powder 
without odor or taste. It is a powerful hypnotic, in- 
ducing sleep by direct action on the brain. Drowsiness, 



SULPHUR. 219 

headache, and languor occasionally follow its use. It is 
rather slow in its action, and should be taken one or two 
hours before the patient retires. If taken late in the 
evening, sleep may be delayed until early morning or the 
next day. Sulphonal has no influence over pain. While 
comparatively safe in single doses, its continued use for 
several weeks is liable to be followed by severe or even 
fatal poisoning. The latter is characterized by a dark- 
red coloration of the urine, languor, colicky pains, irregu- 
larity of the bowels, mental confusion, progressive weak- 
ness, and collapse. 

Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.65-2.0 gm.), in capsule or dry 
on the tongue. Its action, however, is quicker if it is 
given in hot milk, beef-tea, or hot water. The urine 
must be watched and reported should it assume a red- 
dish tint. 

Sulphur. — Sulphur is a non-metallic element, official 
in three forms — sulphur sublimatum (sublimed sulphur 
or flowers of sulphur) ; sulphur lotum (washed sulphur) ; 
sulphur prascipitatum (precipitated sulphur). 

Sulphur is a mild laxative, alterative, and antiseptic. 
It imparts a disagreeable odor to the feces and perspira- 
tion. Externally it is used as an ointment in many skin- 
diseases. It is also employed in the form of baths and 
fumigations. It is excreted by the lungs and skin and 
all the excretions, and blackens any silver articles that 
may be worn by the patient. Sulphur was formerly 
much used for fumigating rooms and clothing, but for- 
maldehyd, being more efficient and less injurious to col- 
ored fabrics, has largely supplanted it. 

Fumigation of Sick-room after Contagious Dis- 
eases by the Use of Sulphur Fumes. — Sulphur is 
reliable only when its fumes are very strong and they 



220 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

permeate every fiber of material and every crevice of an 
infected room or its furniture. Six pounds of sulphur 
are necessary to fumigate thoroughly an ordinary sized 
room. Every crevice should be tightly closed, the chim- 
ney should be blocked up, and the windows, doors, and 
other openings closed, either by pasting paper over the 
cracks or by stuffing them with cotton. All draperies 
which were not taken down before the case progressed 
should be spread out over a temporary line or on chairs, 
and all drawers and closets should be opened. The 
fumes should reach the remotest part of whatever is in 
the room. A tub or a large pan should be partly filled 
with water, and in this be placed two or three bricks or 
blocks of wood on which to stand a smaller pan, or the 
lid of a saucepan turned upside down. Into this is put 
the roll sulphur, which must be broken into very small 
pieces and saturated with alcohol or turpentine. The 
water in the large pan will both guard against fire and 
furnish moisture in the form of steam. After everything 
is secure and there is no possible way for the sulphur 
fumes to escape, the sulphur is ignited. If alcohol or 
turpentine is not at hand, a few red coals will ignite the 
sulphur. The room door is now closed, the keyhole and 
all the cracks of the door are stopped up, and the room 
is left for twenty-four hours, when it is opened and aired 
for twenty-four hours longer ; then everything, including 
the walls and floors, must be washed with either cor- 
rosive-sublimate (i : iooo) or carbolic-acid solution (i : 20) 
and exposed to the action of the sun and air for a number 
of days. 

If, when preparing the room for fumigation, a hole is 
bored through the middle of the top window-sash, and 
there is passed through this hole a piece of rope of suf- 



SUMAC. 221 

ficient length to extend to a window below, the sick-room 
window can be opened from the outside at the end of the 
fumigation. When closing up the cracks in the sides of 
the window, care should be taken that they are filled in 
securely, so that the sulphur fumes cannot escape through 
them, but at the same time that the window can easily be 
pulled open. If one is compelled to pass through the 
sulphur-fumes, it can be done by holding a wet cloth 
over the mouth and nose. 

Preparations. — Sublimed Sulphur (Sulphur Subli- 
matum). — Dose, I to 2 drams (4-8 gm.). Used as a 
laxative. 

Precipitated Sulphur (Sulphur Praecipitatum).— Dose, 
1 to 2 drams (4-8 gm.). It is used as a laxative. 

Washed Sulphur (Sulphur Lotum). — Dose, I to 2 
drams (4-8 gm.). 

Sulphurated Potassa (Potassa Sulphurata). — Used ex- 
ternally in the form of ointments and baths in skin-dis- 
eases. Locally it is a decided irritant, and internally in 
large doses it is a violent corrosive poison. 

Sulphur Ointment (Unguentum Sulphuris). — Used ex- 
ternally in various inflammatory and parasitic skin-dis- 
eases. 

Sulphurated Lime (Calx Sulphurata). — Dose, ^ to ■£■ 
grain (0.006-0.013 gm.). It is used internally in pus- 
tular skin-disease. In large doses it is an irritant 
poison. 

Sumac (Rhus Glabra). — Action and Uses. — Sumac 
is the fruit of a shrub (Rhus glabra) growing in waste 
places in North America. As it contains a large amount 
of tannic acid, it is an active astringent. It is chiefly em- 
ployed locally as a gargle or wash in sore throat. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Rhus Glabra (Extractum 



222 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Rhois Glabrae Fluidum). — It is used as a gargle in 
the strength of J dram (2 c.c.) to 1 ounce (30 c.c.) of 
water. 

Sumbttl. — Action and Uses. — Sumbul is the root of 
a perennial herb {Ferula sumbul) growing in central Asia. 
It is used as an antispasmodic. 

Dose. — Tincture of Sumbul (Tinctura Sumbul). — From 
\ to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Extract of Sumbul (Extractum Sumbul). — From 2 to 5 
grains (0.1-0.3 gm.). 

Suprarenal Gland. — Action and Uses. — The supra- 
renal gland is a small gland situated above the kidney. 
Extracts of these glands have the property of causing 
marked constriction of the blood-vessels when applied 
locally or injected intravenously. This property is de- 
pendent upon a crystalline principle known as adrenalin 
(see p. 54). Internally, the dried gland itself is used as 
an alterative. 

Dose, 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gin.) in tablets or capsules. 

Sweet Spirit of Niter. — (See Spirit of Nitrous 
Ether}) 

Talc (Talcum; Venetian Talc). — Talc is the silicate 
of magnesium. It occurs in grayish masses having a 
waxy luster and a greasy feel. Finely powdered, it is 
much used as a dusting-powder in chafing and acute 
inflammatory skin-diseases. 

Tamarind (Tamarindus). — Action and Uses. — Tam- 
arind is the preserved pulp of the fruit of a large tree 
{Tamarindus indica) growing in tropic countries. It is a 
gentle laxative. 

Dose, 1 to 8 drams (4-30 gm.). 

Tannin. — (See Acids) 

Tansy (Tanacetum). — Action and Uses. — Tansy is 



TARAXACUM. 223 

the leaves and tops of a perennial herb (Tanacetum vul- 
gare) growing in Europe and Asia. Its active principle 
is a volatile oil. It has been used as an emmenagogue. 
Large doses of the oil cause severe abdominal pain, vom- 
iting, convulsions, coma, and collapse. 

Dose, } to 1 dram (2-4 c.c.) in decoction. 

Oil of Tansy (Oleum Tanaceti). — From 1 to 3 minims 
(0.06-0.2 c.c). 

Tar (Pix Liquida). — Action and Uses. — Tar is a thick 
black liquid obtained from the slow burning of pine wood. 
It contains a large percentage of creasote. When sub- 
jected to distillation, it yields an oil — oil of tar. Tar is 
used externally as a stimulant and antiseptic in certain 
chronic skin-diseases. Internally it is employed as an 
expectorant in bronchitis. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.03-0.65 gm.). 

Preparations. — Oil of Tar (Oleum Picis Liquidae). — 
From 1 to 5 minims (0.06-0.3 c.c). It is also used ex- 
ternally. 

Syrup of Tar (Syrupus Picis Liquidae). — From 1 to 2 
drams (4-8 c.c). 

Wine of Tar (Vinum Picis). — From 1 to 2 ounces (30- 
60 c.c). 

Tar Ointment (Unguentum Picis Liquidae). — Used ex- 
ternally in certain skin-diseases. 

Tar-water. — This preparation is made by shaking 1 
part of tar with 4 parts of water frequently during 
twenty-four hours, decanting, and filtering. Dose, 1 to 
4 ounces (30-120 c.c). 

Taraxacum (Dandelion). — Action and Uses. — Dan- 
delion is a bitter tonic and hepatic stimulant. 

Dose. — Extract of Taraxacum (Extractum Taraxaci). 
— From 5 to 30 grains (0.3-2.0 gm.). 



224 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Fluid Extract of Taraxacum (Extractum Taraxaci 
Fluidum). — From I to 2 drams (4-8 c.c). 

Tartar Emetic. — (See Antimony) 

Tartaric Acid. — (See Acids) 

Terebene (Terebenum). — Action and Uses. — Tere- 
bene is an oily liquid obtained by acting on oil of tur- 
pentine with sulphuric acid. It is chiefly used as a stimu- 
lant expectorant in bronchitis and phthisis. 

Dose, 5 to 10 minims (0.3-0.6 c.c), in capsules, in 
emulsion, or on sugar. 

Terpin Hydrate. — Action and Uses. — Terpin hy- 
drate is a crystalline compound obtained by the inter- 
action of oil of turpentine, alcohol, and nitric acid. It is 
employed as a stimulant expectorant in bronchitis. 

Dose, 2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.6 gm.). 

Terpinol is an oily body derived from terpin hydrate. 
It is used as a stimulant expectorant in bronchitis. 

Dose, 5 to 15 minims (0.3-1.0 c.c). 

Tetronal. — Action and Uses. — Tetronal is employed 
as a hypnotic. It has no advantages over sulphonal and 
trional, to which, chemically, it is closely allied. 

Dose, 15 to 30 grains (1-2 gm.), preferably in hot tea 
or hot milk. 

Theobromin (Theobromina). — Action and Uses. — 
Theobromin is an alkaloid closely related to caffein, and 
obtained from the beans of the chocolate tree (Theobroma 
cacao). It is chiefly employed as a diuretic in dropsy re- 
sulting from heart- or kidney-disease. 

Sodio-theobromin salicylate, or diuretin (see p. 1 1 3), is 
often preferred to the pure alkaloid on account of its 
greater solubility. 

Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Thiocol. — (See Guaiacol) 



TRAGACANTH. 225 

Thiosinamin. — This is a compound produced by 
acting on the volatile oil of mustard with ammonia. It 
has been used with reputed good results, both locally 
and internally, to soften scar tissue. 

Dose, i to 2 grains (0.06-0. 1 3 gm.) hypodermically. 

Thymol. — Action and Uses. — Thymol is a crystalline 
substance obtained from oil of thyme. , It resembles in 
its action both carbolic and salicylic acids. It is used in- 
ternally as a vermifuge and both internally and externally 
as an antiseptic. It has a peculiar aromatic odor which 
attracts flies. 

Larger doses cause nausea, vomiting, deafness, low- 
ered temperature, and green-colored urine. 

Dose, as an internal antiseptic, from 1 to 5 grains 
(0.06-0.3 gm.) ; as a vermifuge, from 10 to 20 grains 
(0.6-1.3 gm.). It may be given in capsules, wafers, or 
pills. 

Thyroid Extract (Thyroidin). — Action and Uses. 
— Thyroid extract has been found to be remarkably 
efficacious in myxedema, a disease dependent upon a 
lack of development or wasting of the thyroid gland, and 
characterized by mental impairment, lack of physical 
development, and mucoid degeneration of the tissues. It 
has also been used with some success in simple goiter, 
obesity, and certain skin-diseases. The active principle 
of the gland appears to be iodothyrin. Large doses of 
the drug excite restlessness, insomnia, headache, palpita- 
tion of the heart, shortness of breath, elevation of tem- 
perature, free perspiration, weakness, and loss of weight. 

Dose, 1 to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.). 

Tragucanth (Tragacantha). — Action and Uses. — 
Tragacanth is a gummy exudation from a shrub {Astrag- 
alus gummifer) growing in western Asia. It has prop- 
15 



226 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

erties like gum-arabic or acacia. It swells up in water 
into a gelatinous mass, but, unlike acacia, does not dis- 
solve in it. It is chiefly employed in pharmacy to sus- 
pend oils and resins in water. 

Tricresol. — This is a mixture of cresols, compounds 
resembling carbolic acid in their action. Its germicidal 
power, however, is nearly three times greater than that 
of carbolic acid. In solution of from I : iooo to I : ioo 
it is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. 

Trional. — Action and Uses. — The action of trional 
is almost identical with that of sulphonal, to which, 
chemically, it is closely allied. In single doses it is a 
fairly safe and reliable hypnotic, but its continuous use is 
sometimes followed by the same grave symptoms that 
sulphonal excites — namely, red-colored urine, headache, 
colicky pains, anorexia, nausea, prostration, and collapse. 

Dose, 15 to 30 grains (1-2 gm.) an hour or two before 
retiring, and preferably in hot tea or hot milk. 

Triticum (Couch-grass). — Action and Uses. — Triti- 
cum is the root of a perennial weed growing in Europe 
and North America. It has demulcent and diuretic 
properties. It is chiefly used as a sedative in inflamma- 
tion of the bladder. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Triticum (Extractum Tritici 
Fluidum). — From J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Tropacocain. — Tropacocain is an alkaloid obtained 
from the small Java coca leaves. It has properties like 
cocain, but is less toxic. 

Tuberculin. — This is a syrupy liquid representing 
the poisonous products of the tubercle bacillus preserved 
in glycerin. It was recommended by Koch for the cure 
of tuberculosis, but the results of the treatment were 
unfavorable. It is now rarely employed except in making 



TURPENTINE. 227 

the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Injections of tuberculin 
into tuberculous subjects are followed by chills and a 
rise of temperature. 

Tulley's Powder. — (See Opium) 

Turlington's Balsam. — (See Benzoin) 

Turpentine (Terebinthina). — Turpentine is a solid 
resinous substance obtained from several species of pine 
growing in the southern United States. When subjected 
to distillation, it yields a volatile oil — oil of turpentine — 
and a solid residue — resin. 

Oil of Turpentine (Oleum Terebinthinae). — Action 
and Uses. — Internally, the oil of turpentine is used as a 
carminative, stimulating diuretic, stimulating expectorant, 
intestinal antiseptic, and anthelmintic. 

Externally, applied to the skin, it is a counterirritant, 
producing redness and a burning sensation. If allowed to 
remain too long, it produces vesication. A carminative 
action is obtained also by using the drug in fomentations 
or enemas. Dose, 5 to 20 minims (0.3-1.2 c.c); as an 
enema, \ ounce (15 c.c). 

For the turpentine stupe about 30 drops of turpentine 
are sprinkled over the flannel, or to 1 pint of boiling 
water there are added 3 teaspoonfuls of turpentine; 
this solution is well mixed and the flannel put in, stirring 
all the time. The flannel is then taken out, wrung, and 
applied, the turpentine being then more evenly distrib- 
uted over the flannel. 

For internal use the rectified oil is usually prescribed. 
Turpentine is eliminated from the body by the breath, 
sweat, and urine. It imparts to the urine an odor re- 
sembling that of violets. Moderate doses increase the 
amount of urine. 

Symptoms of poisoning are a rapid and feeble pulse, 



228 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDICA FOR NURSES. 

difficult breathing, dilated pupils, scanty albuminous and 
bloody urine, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, 
muscular relaxation, and unconsciousness. 

Treatment consists in evacuating the stomach, in ad- 
ministering demulcents and anodynes, and in maintaining 
the body -temperature. 

Resin (Resina). — Action and Uses. — Resin is em- 
ployed in the form of the cerate (ceratum resinae) as a 
stimulating application for indolent ulcers, and in the form 
of the plaster (emplastrum resinae) for the fixation of 
surgical dressings. 

Urethane. — This compound is made by the action of 
alcohol upon urea. It is a comparatively safe, but some- 
what uncertain, hypnotic. It has no analgesic power. 

Dose, 15 to 30 grains (1-2 gm.). 

Urotropin. — This compound is produced by acting 
on formaldehyd with ammonia. Taken internally in 
moderate doses, it sterilizes the urine by giving off some 
of its formaldehyd. Large doses cause frequent urina- 
tion, burning in the bladder, and even bloody urine. 
Urotropin is a valuable urinary antiseptic in chronic in- 
flammatory diseases of the bladder. 

Dose, 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.), well diluted. 

Uva Ursi (Bearberry). — Action and Uses. — Uva ursi 
is the leaves of an evergreen shrub [Arctostaphylos uva 
ursi) growing in temperate regions. It contains a glu- 
cosid — arbutin. Uva ursi is a diuretic and stimulant 
to the urinary passages. Large doses impart to the 
urine a dark-green color. It is chiefly employed in 
the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases of the 
bladder. 

Dose, 2 to 4 drams (4-15 gm.), in infusion (1 ounce 
to 1 pint). 



VERATRIN. 229 

Extract of Uva Ursi (Extract um Uvse Ursi). — From 
5 to 10 grains (0.3-0.6 gm.). 

Fluid Extract of Uva Ursi (Extractum Uvae Ursi 
Fluidum). — From 1 to 4 drams (4-15 ex.). 

Arbutin. — From 3 to 5 grains (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Valerian (Valeriana). — Action and Uses. — Valerian 
is the roots of a perennial herb (Valeriana officinalis) 
growing in temperate regions. It contains a volatile oil 
and valerianic acid. It is chiefly useful as an antispas- 
modic in nervous excitement and hysteria. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Valerian (Extractum Valeri- 
anae Fluidum). — From \ to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Tincture of Valerian (Tinctura Valerianae). — From 1 
to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Ammoniated Tiiicture of Valeria7i (Tinctura Valerianae 
Ammoniata). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 c.c). 

Zinc Valerianate (Zinci Valerianas). — From J to 3 
grains (0.03-0.2 gm.), in pill or capsule. 

Iron Valerianate (Ferri Valerianas). — From \ to 3 
grains (0.03-0.2 gm.). 

Quinin Valerianate (Quininae Valerianas). — From I to 
3 grains (0.065-0.2 gm.). 

Ammonium Valerianate (Ammonii Valerianas). — From 
2 to 10 grains (0.13-0.6 gm.). 

Veratrin (Veratrina). — Action and Uses. — Veratrina 
is an alkaloid obtained from an herb (Asagrcea officinalis) 
growing in Mexico. xA.pplied externally it is an irritant, 
causing tingling and burning and then numbness and 
coldness. Inhaled, it produces violent sneezing and 
cough, and applied to the eye, severe inflammation. 
Internally large doses cause burning pain, vomiting, 
purging, tremors, prostration, and collapse. 

Veratrin is not used internally. In the form of the 



23O PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

ointment or oleate it is occasionally employed as a local 
remedy in neuralgia. If used too freely, there is danger 
of poisoning through the absorption of the drug. When 
used on the face, great care must be exercised to prevent 
it from entering the eye. 

Preparations. — Oleate of Veratrin (Oleatum Vera- 
trinae). — Contains 2 per cent, of the alkaloid. 

Ointment of Veratrin (Unguentum Veratrinae). — Con- 
tains 4 per cent, of the alkaloid. 

Veratrum Viride (American Hellebore). — Action 
and Uses. — Veratrum viride is the root of a large peren- 
nial herb ( Veratrum virid+) growing in North America. 
It contains several alkaloids, the chief of which appear 
to be jervin and veratroidin. 

Veratrum viride, like aconite, is a powerful heart de- 
pressant. It is also in an indirect way a diaphoretic and 
an antipyretic. 

In small doses veratrum viride reduces the force of the 
pulse without affecting its rate, but later it becomes very 
slow, soft, and compressible, the slightest exertion ren- 
dering it rapid, feeble, and sometimes imperceptible. 
There may also be nausea, vomiting, and muscular 
weakness and relaxation. 

After large doses these symptoms are exaggerated. 
The skin becomes cold and clammy ; there is persistent 
vomiting; and extreme muscular weakness, a running 
pulse, giddiness, loss of vision, and partial uncon- 
sciousness develop. 

The treatment of poisoning" is similar to that for 
aconite. Emetics, external heat to all parts of the body, 
and alcoholic stimulants are indicated. The recumbent 
position should be maintained. 

Preparations. — Fluid Extract of Veratrum Viride (Ex- 



WARBURG'S TINCTURE. 23 1 

tractum Veratri Viridis Fluidum). — From I to 4 minims 
(0.06-0.26 c.c.). 

Tincture of Veratrum Viride (Tinctura Veratri Viridis). 
— From I to 8 minims (0.06-0.5 c.c). 

Norwood 's tincture of veratrum viride is a saturated 
tincture and is unofficial. The dose is 5 minims (0.3 c.c), 
usually increased by 1 minim until the pulse is reduced 
to 70. 

Medicinal doses of veratrum viride may cause dryness 
of the mouth and throat, restlessness, nausea, and dizzi- 
ness. The pulse must be carefully watched, and not be 
allowed to fall below 65. 

Viburnum Prunifolium (Black Haw). — Action and 
Uses. — Viburnum prunifolium is the bark of a tall shrub 
( Viburnum prunifolium) growing in North America. It 
acts as a uterine and ovarian sedative. It is useful in 
dysmenorrhea and threatened abortion. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Viburnum (Extractum Vi- 
burni Prunifolii Fluidum). — From J to 2 drams (2-8 c.c). 

Vinegar (Acetum). — Action and Uses. — Vinegar is 
dilute acetic acid, obtained by the fermentation of juices 
of fruit or infusions of grain. 

Vinegar is used as a fomentation in sprains, as a lotion 
in cases of headache, in bathing-water to cool the skin 
and reduce fever, and as an astringent in arresting hem- 
orrhage from the nose, womb, etc Its vapor is inhaled 
for the relief of vomiting after anesthesia. It is also used 
in enema for the relief of seat-worms. 

Dose, 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). For an enema, 1 part 
to 3 parts of water. 

Warburg's Tincture. — Action and Uses. — War- 
burg's tincture is a preparation containing a large num- 
ber of ingredients, the chief of which are quinin, rhubarb, 



232 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

aloes, angelica seed, cubeb, fennel, myrrh, and camphor. 
It is a powerful diaphoretic, especially useful in severe 
malaria. 

Dose, ^ ounce (15 c.c), undiluted. The patient should 
be well covered after its administration and drinks with- 
held. 

Water (Aqua). — Action and Uses. — Internally y hot 
water is a diuretic, diaphoretic, diluent, and sedative to 
the stomach. Warm water is an emetic. 

The power of heat to stimulate and contract the 
blood-vessels makes the hot douche very useful in 
uterine hemorrhage. It also helps to compensate for 
the loss of heat resulting from the hemorrhage, and 
especially from the shock. 

Externally , in the form of baths, packs, fomentations, 
and douches, hot water relieves inflammation and pain 
and acts as a diaphoretic. 

Cold water, applied externally in the form of pack, 
bath, poultice, fomentation, or douche, relieves pain, in- 
flammation, sleeplessness, and delirium, and reduces fever. 

Internally , it relieves thirst, and is given in fevers to 
flush out the kidneys and to aid in the elimination of the 
worn-out material generated in the body by the fever. 
A cup of cold water taken daily before breakfast often 
relieves constipation. 

Ice and very hot water (temperature 1 20 to 144 F.) 
are also used to check hemorrhage. 

White Oak (Quercus Alba). — Action and Uses. — 
White oak is the bark of a large tree {Quercus alba) 
growing in North America. It contains a large amount 
of tannic acid, and is used locally as an astringent. It 
slightly stains the clothing. 

It is generally employed in the form of a decoction, 



ZINC. 233 

made by boiling 1 ounce (30 gm.) of the bark in 1 pint 
(0.5 L.) of water. 

Wild Cherry (Primus Virginiana). — Action and 
Uses. — Wild cherry is the bark of a large tree (Prunus 
serotind) growing in North America. It contains tannic 
acid, a bitter principle, and a very small amount of 
prussic acid. It is employed as a stomachic, tonic, and 
agreeable vehicle for unpalatable drugs. 

Dose. — Fluid Extract of Wild Cherry (Extractum 
Pruni Virginianae Fluidum). — From J to 1 dram (2-4 
c.c). 

Infusion of Wild Cherry (Infusum Pruni Virginianae). 
— From 4 to 8 drams (15-30 c.c). 

Syrup of Wild Cherry (Syrupus Pruni Virginianae). — 
From 1 to 4 drams (4-15 c.c). 

Wintergreen. — (See Gaultheria) 

Witch Hasel. — (See Hamamelis) 

Wormseed. — (See Chenopodium) 

Xeroform (Tribromphenol-bismuth). — This is a yel- 
lowish, odorless, insoluble powder. It has been used in 
place of iodoform as an antiseptic and sedative dusting- 
powder in the treatment of wounds, ulcers, and burns. 

Yerba Santa. — (See Eriodictyon) 

2£ea. — (See Corn-silk) 

Z/ino. (Zincum). — Action and Uses. — Zinc is not 
used in medicine in its metallic state, but in the form of 
one of its salts, their action being similar to those of 
copper, but less powerful. 

Preparations. — Zinc Acetate (Zinci Acetas). — Used 
locally as an astringent in solution of 1 or 2 grains 
(0.06-0.13 g m -) to l ounce (30 c.c.) of distilled water. 

Precipitated Zinc Carbonate (Zinci Carbonas Praecipi- 
tatus). — Used externally as a protective. 



234 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Zinc Chlorid (Zinci Chloridum). — Used locally as an 
antiseptic, disinfectant, and escharotic. 

Solution of Zinc Chlorid (Liquor Zinci Chloridi). — An 
antiseptic and disinfectant. It is sometimes called Bur- 
nett's disinfecting fluid. It contains 200 grains (13 gm.) 
to the ounce (30 c.c). 

Zinc Oxid (Zinci Oxidum). — It is used internally and 
externally. Internally, it is employed as an antispas- 
modic and astringent. Externally, it is extensively used 
as a mild astringent and protective in burns, scalds, 
chafing, etc. Dose, 1 to 5 grains (0.065-0.32 gm.). 

Zinc Ointment (Unguentum Zinci Oxidi). — Used ex- 
ternally. 

Zinc Phosphid (Zinci Phosphidum). — From -fa to ^j- 
grain (0.0016-0.003 gm.). Its action is the same as that 
of phosphorus. It is irritating to the stomach. 

Zinc Sulphate (Zinci Sulphas). — Used as an astringent 
and emetic. Dose, as an astringent, 1 to 2 grains (0.065 
-0.13 gm.); as an emetic, 10 to 30 grains (0.65-2.0 gm.). 
Its action is rapid, causing but little subsequent nausea 
and depression. 

Zinc Valerianate (Zinci Valerianas). — Used as a nerve- 
sedative. Dose, \ to I grain (0.03-0.065 gm.). 

Zinc Sulphocarbolate (Zinci Sulphocarbolas). — Used 
internally and externally as an antiseptic. Dose, 2 to 3 
grains (0.1-0.2 gm.). 

Zingiber. — (See Ginger^) 



PART III. 

POISON EMERGENCIES ; MINERAL- WATERS ; 
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES ; DOSE-LIST ; 
GLOSSARY, ETC. 



POISON EMERGENCIES. 

In cases of poisoning the nurse is more often at hand 
than the physician, and for this reason it is of the utmost 
importance that she should know how to act intelligently, 
as a few moments' delay may prove fatal, and prompt 
action may prevent the corrosive action of certain agents 
or the absorption of a powerful dose. Just what to do 
in these cases is of as much importance as most surgical 
emergencies, and, next to the proper antidote, promptness 
is the essential feature. 

Poison Defined. — A poison is a substance which, 
introduced into the body through the alimentary canal or 
any other avenue of the body, occasions in a healthy per- 
son disease or death. 

Classification and Action of Poisons. — Poisons 
are divided into two classes — irritants and narcotics. The 
irritant poisons act on the stomach and bowels, and the 
symptoms of all such poisons are generally the same. 
Coming in contact with the lips, mouth, throat, and 
stomach, they produce a burning sensation and give rise 
to vomiting and pain in the stomach and abdomen, the 
pain being increased upon pressure and by purging. 

23s 



236 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

The effects of the poisons are chiefly upon these organs, 
which they irritate and influence. 

Many substances in this class possess corrosive prop- 
erties, such as the strong mineral acids, caustic alkalies, 
and corrosive sublimate. These, in the act of swallow- 
ing, excoriate the parts they reach, and cause a burning 
sensation extending from the mouth down to the stom- 
ach, with symptoms of collapse. Some irritants, such as 
arsenic and carbonate of lead, do not possess corrosive 
action, and are called pure irritants. Symptoms from 
corrosive poisoning are manifested immediately, because 
contact causes destruction of the part. With purely irri- 
tant poisons the symptoms manifest themselves slowly : 
from half an hour to an hour elapses between the swal- 
lowing of the substance and the appearance of the symp- 
toms, and on the appearance of the symptoms one can 
distinguish between corrosive-sublimate (corrosive) and 
arsenic (irritant) poisoning. An examination of the 
mouth will aid in deciding the question, as the corrosive 
substance will show its action on the mouth ; though, on 
the other hand, corrosive poisons, through dilution with 
water, may act simply as irritants. After all irritant 
poisons demulcent drinks, such as flax-seed tea, white 
of eggs, glycerin, sweet oil, starch-water, or warm milk, 
should be given to soothe the inflamed mucous membrane. 
Narcotic poisons act upon the nerve-centers and the ner- 
vous system, generally producing headache, giddiness, 
numbness, stupor and paralysis, and in some instances 
convulsions and death. They have not the burning 
taste of irritants, and rarely give rise to vomiting and 
purging. If these symptoms occur, they are generally 
due to the form or quantity in which the substance was 
taken, and the mechanical effect on the stomach thereby 



POISON EMERGENCIES. 237 

produced, or to the combination with some irritating ele- 
ment, such as alcohol. The pure narcotics do not irri- 
tate or influence the stomach and bowels. In narcotic 
poisoning emetics are given, providing the drug was 
taken by mouth, to prevent any poison remaining from 
being absorbed, though the treatmeat is usually directed 
to overcome the systemic effects. 

What to Do in Cases of Poisoning. — The first 
thing to do in all cases of poisoning is to ascertain what 
kind of poison has been taken, either from the symptoms 
produced or from the vomited matter, if there is any. 
If the poison is not known, it is perhaps best to give an 
emetic or a hypodermic injection of apomorphin. If 
considerable time has elapsed since the poison was taken 
and there is evidence of absorption, nothing will be 
gained by the use of emetics. Vomiting may be induced 
by giving mustard and warm water, salt and warm water, 
tepid oil and water (a tablespoonful to a cup of water), 
warm water, or by running the finger down tlje throat 
or tickling the throat with a feather. Vomiting is gener- 
ally easier if the stomach is full of food or of fluid. 
Should the stomach be empty, a quantity of fluid should 
be given before the emetic. 

When emetics are administered, they should be given 
quickly and not more than half a pint at a time, or the 
walls of the stomach may become paralyzed through 
overdistention. After vomiting, the patient should drink 
plenty of milk or water, and the bowels should be 
cleared in case the poison has entered the intestine. 
The antidote — a remedy to counteract the effect of the 
poison — is then given. If the poison has been absorbed, 
medicines are given to counteract its effect on the respi- 
ration or the circulation. 



238 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 

It seems a wise provision of nature that she has given 
to many of these dangerous agents their own distinctive 
odors, thereby aiding us to detect their presence. In 
this class may be mentioned opium (laudanum), prussic 
acid, phosphorus, alcohol, chloroform, carbolic acid, 
ammonia, camphor. 

The agents commonly met with in acute poisoning are 
carbolic acid, arsenic (principally in the form of Paris 
green), alcohol, opium, strychnin, belladonna, chloral, 
atropin, ammonia, tincture of iodin, and corrosive sub- 
limate. All these substances, excepting Paris green, are 
much used in medicine. Paris green, carbolic acid, and 
opium in some one of its forms are often used with sui- 
cidal intent ; the others are generally taken or adminis- 
tered accidentally. 

In these emergencies the nurse must keep perfectly 
calm; she should think what has happened and what 
should be done, and then do it quietly. If she gets ex- 
cited and loses her presence of mind, the life of the 
patient may be lost. When notifying the physician or 
surgeon, she should send a written, not a verbal, message, 
and should state clearly what has happened, so that he 
will fully understand and come prepared ; he should also 
be informed of what is being done by the nurse. 



Poisons and their Antidotes. 

A few of the most common poisons and their anti- 
dotes are the following : 

Acetanilid, Antipyrin, or Phenacetin. — Heat; 
stimulants ; oxygen inhalations. 

Aconite. — External heat; recumbent position, with 
head lower than feet ; avoid emetics ; empty stomach 



POISON EMERGENCIES. 239 

with tube or pump ; stimulants, — ether, alcohol, digitalis, 
— preferably given hypodermically. 

Ammonia. — Neutralization with vinegar or lemon- 
juice; demulcents, such as egg-albumen or oil; warm 
application over the stomach. 

Arsenic. — Hydrated oxid of iron as the antidote (see 
Iron) ; washing out the stomach ; demulcents — oil, white 
of egg, or milk ; opium for pain. 

Atropin or Belladonna. — Tannic acid as antidote ; 
evacuation of the stomach ; catheterization ; alternate hot 
and cold douches ; artificial respiration ; stimulants — caf- 
fein, strychnin, and ammonia. 

Cantharides. — Evacuation of the stomach by stom- 
ach-pump or emetic ; mucilaginous drinks ; opium for 
relief of pain ; no oils, as they increase the solubility of 
cantharidin and the dangers arising from its absorption. 

Carbolic Acid. — Dilute alcohol or a solution of 
Epsom salt as an antidote; evacuation of the stomach 
by means of the tube ; mucilaginous drinks ; warm appli- 
cations to abdomen ; stimulants for collapse. 

Carbonic-acid Gas (Carbon Dioxid). — Removal of 
the patient from the room ; artificial respiration ; oxygen 
inhalations ; cold affusions ; heat to feet ; friction of the 
surface. 

Caustic Potash or Caustic Soda.— Same treat- 
ment as in ammonia poisoning. 

Chloral. — Emetic; recumbent position with head 
lower than feet ; external heat ; stimulants — alcohol, 
ether, camphor — hypodermically; enemas of black cof- 
fee; artificial respiration. 

Coal-gas (Carbon Monoxid). — Removal of patient 
from room ; artificial respiration ; oxygen inhalations ; 
cold affusions ; heat to feet ; friction of surface. 



240 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Corrosive Sublimate (Mercuric Chlorid ; Bichlorid 
of Mercury). — White of egg ; evacuation of the stomach ; 
external heat ; stimulants. 

Digitalis. — Tannic acid ; emetics or stomach-pump ; 
horizontal position ; external heat. 

Hydrochloric Acid. — Chalk, magnesia, whitewash, 
sodium bicarbonate, or soap as an antidote ; white of egg 
or oil as a demulcent ; external heat ; stimulants, if nec- 
essary. 

Iodin. — Flour or starch and water as antidote; 
emetic; external heat; stimulants hypodermically. 

I^ead. — Epsom salt in solution as antidote ; emetic 
or stomach-pump ; mucilaginous or albuminous drinks ; 
external heat. 

Morphin or Opium. — Evacuation of stomach by 
copper sulphate, by injection of apomorphin (gr. ^), or 
stomach-pump ; tannic acid freely or dilute solution of 
potassium permanganate as chemic antidote ; atropin and 
strychnin hypodermically as physiologic antidotes ; ene- 
mas of black coffee ; keeping patient awake by flicking 
with wet towel, alternate hot and cold douches, walking 
him ; artificial respiration ; external heat. 

Mushrooms. — Emetic; purgative; external heat; 
atropin hypodermically ; hypodermoclysis. 

Nitric Acid. — Same treatment as in hydrochloric- 
acid poisoning. 

Oxalic Acid. — Chalk or lime scraped from a wall ; 
demulcents ; warm application to abdomen ; stimu- 
lants. 

Paris Green. — Same treatment as in arsenic poison- 
ing. 

Phosphorus. — Copper sulphate as an emetic ; a weak 
solution of potassium permanganate as an antidote ; saline 



POISON EMERGENCIES. 2,\ I 

purge ; hot applications to abdomen. No fats or oils to 
be given, as they aid absorption. 

Strychnin or Nux Vomica. — Tannic acid as chemic 
antidote, evacuation of the stomach while the patient is 
under the influence of an anesthetic ; but not otherwise, 
since the excitement incident to passing the stomach- 
tube is liable to excite a fatal spasm; chloral and potas- 
sium bromid by mouth or rectum, and inhalations of 
amyl nitrite to allay convulsions. 

Sulphuric Acid. — Same treatment as in hydrochloric- 
acid poisoning. 

Bites of Rabid Animals. — A poisoned bite by a 
mad dog or by a serpent should be treated by having 
the poison sucked out of the wound (unless there is an 
abrasion on the nurse's lip), and the wound afterward 
washed with plain warm water. The patient must be 
taken at once to a physician, who will cauterize the 
wound. The patient must be given stimulants in mod- 
erate quantities to sustain the system. The state of the 
pulse must be taken as a guide to indicate when the 
proper amount of stimulation has been reached. 

Emetics. 

Apomorphin. — Apomorphin is given subcutaneously, 
and is employed when a rapid action is necessary, espe- 
cially when the stomach is inflamed and apt to be in- 
jured by irritant emetics. It is especially indicated when 
patients are unwilling or unable to swallow, as in insanity, 
lockjaw, and strychnin-poisoning. The emetic action 
occurs in from five to fifteen minutes. Dose for an 
adult, xV to i grain (0.006-0.01 gm.). 

Ipecac. — As an emetic, ipecac is slow and mild in its 
16 



242 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

action, and is given when a speedy action is not required. 
On account of its gentle action, it is preferred for old, 
feeble, and very young patients. Generally it is given 
in the form of powder, or it may be given as wine of 
ipecac. Dose for adults, from 15 to 20 grains (1. 0-1.3 
gm.), given every ten or fifteen minutes until vomiting 
occurs. 

Wine of Ipecac. — Dose, \ ounce (15 c.c). Large 
drafts of tepid water taken as soon as nausea begins will 
hasten the emetic action. 

Mustard. — When other emetics are not at hand, mus- 
tard is employed in narcotic poisoning. It should not be 
used when the poison is of such a nature as to produce 
inflammation of the stomach. One teaspoonful of mus- 
tard may be given in a teacupful of tepid water, and 
repeated once in ten minutes if necessary. 

Sulphate of copper is a rapidly acting emetic ; it is 
also an irritant, and for this reason the dose should not 
be repeated if vomiting does not occur, but mustard, 
sulphate of zinc, or large drafts of tepid water may be 
given in its place. It is rarely employed as an emetic, 
except in cases of phosphorus-poisoning, when it also 
acts as the chemic antidote. Dose, 5 to 10 grains (0.3- 
0.6 gm.) ; for a child, I to 5 grains (0.06-0.3 gm.). 

Sulphate of #inc. — Dose, 10 to 30 grains (0.6-2.0 
gm.), repeated in fifteen minutes if necessary. Its action 
is rapid and prompt, and it causes very little depression 
and nausea. 

Tartar emetic is rarely used in poisoning, on account 
of its slow action. Dose, \ to I grain (0.03-0.06 gm.). 

In poisoning with corrosive substances, such as con- 
centrated mineral acids and caustic alkalies, emetics are 
contraindicated. 



MINERAL WATERS. 243 



Demulcents. 



Demulcents play an important part in the treatment 
of irritant poisons. Demulcents are substances which 
soothe the mucous membranes, and they are generally 
of a mucilaginous character. Those in ordinary use are 
linseed tea, starch, bland oils, glycerin, white of egg, 
gelatin, etc. The chief action is a mechanical one in 
forming a smooth, soft coating for an inflamed mucous 
membrane. 

Oils should never be selected as demulcents in poison- 
ing by phosphorus or cantharides, since they favor the 
absorption of these drugs by dissolving them. 

MINERAL WATERS. 

Alkaline waters contain sodium carbonate and bi- 
carbonate in comparatively large amounts. These waters 
produce their best effects in chronic gastric catarrh, espe- 
cially with hyperacidity and catarrhal inflammation of 
the mucous membrane of the biliary passages; good 
results have been obtained also in acute catarrhal neph- 
ritis, lithemia, gout, and chronic rheumatism. 

Carbonic-acid waters owe their potency to the 
presence of carbonic-acid gas. Many varieties of water 
may be found impregnated with this gas, the presence 
of which possibly increases the diuretic effects of the 
water. Fever-patients find these waters very agreeable. 
They act as a sedative to the mucous membrane of the 
stomach, and when taken cold and in sips relieve nausea 
and tend to check vomiting. Carbonic-acid water added 
to milk is admirably received by some patients with irri- 
table stomach, and occasionally milk will be accepted in 
this form when it is absolutely refused in the pure state. 



244 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

Another very popular use to which these waters are put 
is in diluting wines. 

Chalybeate waters are those holding in solution 
one or more of the iron compounds, most frequently 
ferrous bicarbonate and ferrous oxid. The ordinary in- 
dications for the use of iron are met by employing waters 
of this class. They are often useful in anemia. 

Purgative waters usually owe their properties to 
sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate. When a 
gentle saline laxative is indicated, these waters often give 
better results than either Epsom or Glauber's salt, and 
are, therefore, of greater service. In congestion of the 
liver, chronic gastric catarrh, jaundice, lithemia, and 
gout, the regular use of waters of this class, properly 
selected and administered, often yields excellent results. 

Saline waters contain common salt in solution, also 
small quantities of other chlorids, of the alkalies, and of 
alkaline earths. This saline matter stimulates the secre- 
tions of the stomach and bowel and favors absorption. 
Such waters are sometimes of service in catarrh of the 
stomach and bowels and in constipation. 

Saline waters charged with carbonic-acid gas, being 
more palatable than the still water, should be given the 
preference. The best results are usually obtained by 
administering the water hot and early in the morning, 
before breakfast. 

Sulphuretted waters owe their virtues to the pres- 
ence of sulphuretted hydrogen and the sulphid of sodium, 
potassium, or magnesium. When taken internally, they 
augment peristalsis and perspiration. Frequently sul- 
phur springs are used as baths, and with good results, 
especially in chronic skin-affections (such as eczema), in 
rheumatism, and in gout. The waters are useful in con- 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 245 

stipation, and are asserted to have produced good results 
in cases of chronic bronchitis and phthisis. In all these 
diseases they are administered internally, and used exter- 
nally as baths. 

Calcareous waters contain carbonate and sulphate 
of lime and carbonate of magnesium as their chief con- 
stituents. Taken internally, these waters have an ant- 
acid and slightly astringent action, and exert also a seda- 
tive effect upon the mucous membrane of the digestive 
tract. They have been found of some service in dys- 
pepsia, especially when there is acidity of the stomach 
and diarrhea. They are also said to be useful in gouty 
conditions and in gall-stone disease. 

Arsenical Waters. — These are waters containing 
arsenic. The latter, however, is rarely the sole ingre- 
dient, iron or saline matter being present also in various 
proportions. As these waters are liable to cause digestive 
disturbances, they are generally ordered with meals, and, 
at first, in small doses. They have been found useful in 
anemia, chronic malaria, and certain skin diseases. 

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

Metric System. — The French metric system of 
weights and measures has during the past few years 
replaced the troy or apothecaries' weights and measures 
to such an extent that it is necessary for all nurses to 
become familiar with it. 

Nurses who accustom themselves to the use of the 
metric system will find it much simpler and more con- 
venient than the old. It is much used by physicians, 
and there is very little doubt that at some time in the 
near future its use in every training-school will become 
compulsory. 



246 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

In studying this system it is a good plan to think of 
our United States currency, which is a metric currency. 
As one dollar is equal to 10 dimes, 100 cents, or 1000 
mills, so is one gram equal to 10 decigrams, 100 centi- 
grams, or 1000 milligrams. 

It is not necessary to go deeply into the subject, as in 
the measuring and weighing of medicines the U. S. 
Pharmacopoeia uses but two measures — the cubic centi- 
meter and the gram. These measures are the ones that 
most concern us. 

The gram is the measure of weight, the cubic centi- 
meter the measure of fluids. 1 gram equals 1 5 grains ; 
it also equals 1 cubic centimeter (15 minims), which is 
the volume of 1 gram of distilled water. 

The liter equals 1 quart. 

Comparative Values of Apothecaries' and Metric Fluid 
Measures. 

Ytfos nter = J cubic centimeter (ex.). 

1 c.c. == ' I 5 minims. 

4 c.c. = I fluid dram. 

30 c.c. = 1 fluid ounce. 

480 c.c. = 1 fluid pint. 

960 c.c. < y.y > — 1 fluid quart. 
Household Measures. 



1 teaspoonful 


= 


i 3 = 


4 


c.c. 


I dessertspoonful 


= 


ii 3 = 


8 


c.c. 


1 tablespoonful 


= 


iv 3 = 


16 


c.c. 


1 wineglassful 


= 


iif= 


60 


c.c. 


1 cupful 


= 


ivg = 


120 c.c. 


1 tumblerful 


= 


viii § = 


240 


c.c. 



WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 



247 



Measures of Weight. 
I gram = 15 grains. 
4 grams = 60 grains = 1 dram. 
30 " = 480 " = 1 ounce. 
500 " = 5760 " = I pound. 

To obtain the equivalents for fractional parts of a grain, one must 
remember that the equivalent of I grain is 65 milligrams = 0.065 § m - 
Consequently, | grain is 0.033 SP 1 - or 33 milligrams. Example : 

I grain = 0.033 gm. 
1 « =0.016 gm. 
\ " = 0.008 gm. 



36 Cent 

37° 
38° 
39° 
40° 
4i° 
42° 



Comparative Temperatures. 

grade 96. 8° Fahrenheit. 

98.6 

IOO.4 " 

I02. 2° " 

IO4 « 

IO5.8 « 

IO7.6 « 



ANTISEPTIC SOLUTIONS 1 (e. Q. THORNTON, M. D.). 



Drug. 


Com- 
mercial 
form. 


Solution. 


Strength. 


Per 

cent. 


Boric Acid 

Calcium Chlorid . . . 

Carbolic Acid .... 

Corrosive Chlorid oF| 
Mercury (corrosive > 
sublimate) .... J 

Creolin 

Lysol 


Powder. 
Masses. 
Liquid. 

Crystals. 


Two tablespoonsful to a pint. 
Two teaspoonsful to a pint. 
Six teaspoonsful to a pint. 

Seven and a half grains to a pint. 


i : 33 
i ; 50 
1 : 20 

1 : 1000 


3 
2 

5 
0.1 


Liquid. 
Liquid. 


Two and a half teaspoonsful to a pint. 
Two and a half teaspoonsful to a pint. 


1 : 50 
1 : 50 


2 


Potassium Perman-") 
ganate j 


Crystals. 


Half a teaspoonful to a pint. 


1 : 250 


0.4 


Solution of Hydrogen 1 
Dioxid J 


Liquid. 


Eight tablespoonsful to a pint. 


1 : 4 


25 


Thymol 

Zinc Chlorid 


Crystals. 
Crystals. 


Five grains to a pint. 

Two teaspoonsful to a pint. 


1 : 1500 
1 : 50 


.07 
2 



1 These antiseptic solutions are of ordinary strengths, and are intended only for loco.l 
application. They may be prepared with either hot or cold (preferably distilled) water. 
To decrease the strength of either solution the quantity of water must be increased ; 
for example, if a 1 : 2000 corrosive-sublimate solution is required, the proportion would 
De 1% S r - to tne quart. 



248 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF DROPS IN A FLUIDRACHM OF VARIOUS 
LIQUIDS ; ALSO THE WEIGHT OF ONE FLUIDRACHM IN GRAINS. 



Liquid. 



Acetum Opii 

" Scillae 

Acid, Acetic 

" Acetic, Dil. . . . 
" Carbolic .... 
" Hydrochloric . . 
" Hydrocyanic . . 

" Lactic 

" Nitric 

" Nitro-hydrochlor. 
" Phosphor. Dil. . 
" Sulphuric .... 
" Sulph. Aromat. . 
" Sulph. Dil. . . . 
" Sulphurosum . . 

.lEther Fortior 

Alcohol 

Aqua 

" Destillata .... 
Bals. Peruvian .... 

Bromin 

Chloroform, Pur. . . . 

Copaiba 

Creasote 

ExtractumBelladon. El. 

" Buchu Fl. . 

" Digitalis Fl. 

Ergotae Fl. . 

" Ipecac. Fl. . 

Rhei Fl. . . 

" Senegae Fl. . 

" Valerianae Fl. 

Zingib. Fl. 

Glycerin 

Hydrargyrum .... 
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi 
"' Ferri Chloridi 



Drops 


Weight 




in f 5j 


oi f 3j in 




(rtllx). 


grains. 




90 


61 




68 


57 




108 


58 




68 


55 




in 


59 




70 


65 




45 


54 




in 


66 




102 


77 




76 


66 




59 


57 




128 


101 




146 


53 




60 


58M 




5 ? 


55 




176 


39 




146 


44 




60 


55 




60 


53^ 




IOI 


60 




250 


165 




250 


80 




no 


5 1 




122 


56% 




156 


57 




ISO 


47 Vi 




134 


62 




133 


60 




120 


60 




158 


61 




137 


62 




150 


49 




142 


48 




67 


68 




150 


760 




57 


55 




7i 


72 





Liquid. 



Liquor Iodi Compos 
" Potassae . . 
" Zmci Chloridi 
Oleoresin Aspidii . 
" Capsici . 

" Cubebse . 

Oleum Anisi . . . 
" Bergamottae 
" Can* .... 
" Juniperi . . 
" Limonis . . 
" Ricini . . . 
" Rosse . . . 
" Terebinth. . 
" Tiglii . . . 
Spiritus iEtheris Comp 
" iEtheris Nitrosi 
" Camphoras 
Syrupus Acaciae . . 
Ferri Iod. 
" Scillae . . 
" Comp. . 

" Senegae . 
" Simplex . 
Tinctura Aconiti . 
" Belladonnae 
" BenzoiniComp 
" Cantharidis 
" Digitalis . 
" Ferri Chlor. 
" Iodi. . . . 
Opii . . . 
" Opii Camph 
" Opii Deodor 
Vinum Colchici Rad 
" Colchici Sem 
" Opii. . . . 



Drops 
inffcj 
(TTllx). 



62 

89 
130 
120 
123 
119 
130 
132 
148 
129 

77 
132 
136 
104 
148 
146 
143 
44 
65 
75 

IU2 
I06 
65 
146 

137 

148 

131 

128 

I50 
148 
I30 
130 

no 
107 
in 
100 



Weight 
of f 5j in 
grains. 



59 
58 
88 
52 
5i 
52 
54 
46 
50 
49 

%K 

50 
45 
47 
47 
73 
77 
74 
70 
70 
72 
46 
53 
48 
51 
53 
53 
47 
53 
52 
54 
55 
54 
55 



LIST OF HYPODERMATIC TABLETS. 



Apomorphin Hydrochlorate gr 

Atropin Sulphate gr. T ^j 

Atropin Sulphate gr. 

Atropin Sulphate gr. 

Caffein and Sodium Benzoate gr. 
Cocain Hydrochlorate . . . gr. i 
Cocain Hydrochlorate . . . gr. \ 

Digitalin gr. T ^ 

Digitalin gr. ^ 

Hyoscin Hyclrobromate . . gr. T £ 7 
Hyoscyamin Sulphate . . . gr. T ^ 7 
Morphin Sulphate . . . . gr. \ 



1 



}:: 



Morphin Sulphate 
Morphin Sulphate 
Morphin Sulphate 
Atropin Sulphate 
Morphin Sulphate \ . . 
Atropin Sulphate j . . 
Physostigmin Salicylate . 

Picrotoxin 

Pilocarpin Hydrochlorate 
Pilocarpin Hydrochlorate 
Strychnin Sulphate . . . 
Strychnin Sulphate . . . 
Strychnin Sulphate . . . 



•gr- \ 
•gr- i 

• gr- ?fo 
•gr- \ 

• gr- Tfa 

• gr- ttV 

• gr- *V 
•gr- i 
•gr- i 

• gr- riff 

• gr- iu 
■ g r - ?V 



CONFINEMENT TABLE. 



249 



i 

z, 




c 
cd 
•— 1 




u 

ctf 

2 


"C 

Pi 

< 


cd 
2 


4) 




3 
< 


03 



O 


3 

O 

•c 

u 

Oh 


CO 




w IO 

CO 




CO 




CO 


CO 




CO 




CO 


co 




O TJ- 

CO 


O Tf 
CO 


O vO 
CO 


O NO 

CO 


O NO 

CO 


O NO 
CO 


t^ 

CO 


OvO 
CO 


OnO 

CO 


OnO 
co 


73 

1 

a 

a 


On 10 




On CO 
CM 


On CO 
CM 


On in 


On in 


On in 
CM 


On in 
CM 


On NO 
CM 


on in 

CNl 


On in 

CM 


ONm 

CM 


00 tJ- 
CM 


00 w^ 


00 CM 
CM 


00 CM 
CM 


00 rt 


00 "!l- 


00 ■<*• 

CM 


00 tJ- 
CM 


00 10 

CM 


00 ^t 
CM 


00 Tf 

CM 


00 Tf 
CM 


t^CO 
CM 


ST* 


CM 


CM 




t^ CO 


1-* CO 

CM 


t^ CO 

CM 


CM 


r>. co 

CM 


t-* co 
CM 


t^ CO 
CM 


"55 "2 


nO CM 
CM 


no co 

CM 


vO t-i 
CM co 


CM CO 


vO N 


VO N 


vO CM 
CM 


NO CM 
CM 


NO CO 
CM 


VO CM 
CM 


VO CM 
CM 


vO CM 
CM 


6 a 

■si 

"2 -2 


CM 


mCM 
CM 


10 O 
CM CO 


in O 
CM CO 


in ih 


in •■* 


in >- 

CM 


in »h 
CM 


in cm 

CM 


in 1-1 

CM 


in « 
CM 


in ►-* 

CM 


CM CO 


^- 1-1 


"<fr On 
CM CM 


Tf- On 


Tt-00 


N CO 


^0 

CM CO 


Th l-l 

CM CO 


CM 


CM CO 


CM co 


•* 

CM CO 


CO 

CM CO 


foo 

CM CO 


CO 00 
CM CM 


COOO 
W M 


Mrs 


co O 
M co 


CO On 
N CM 


CO O 
N CO 


co O 
CM CO 


CO O 
CM CO 


co O 
CM CO 


CO ON 
CM CM 


CM On 
CM W 


CM On 
CM CM 


CM t^ 

CM CM 




N vO 


N ON 


CM 00 
CM CM 


CM On 
CM M 


CM On 
CM CM 


CM ON 
CM CM 


CM ON 
CM CM 


CM 00 
CM CM 




1-1OO 
CM CM 


M00 

CM CM 


_< vO 
CM cm 


M VO 


ti in 


1-. 00 


CM M 


hOO 
CM CM 


1-1OO 
CM CM 


N- 00 

CM CM 


hOO 
CM CM 


CM CM 


CM CM 


O t^ 

CM CM 


O *o 

CM CM 


10 




*^ 

N CM 


CM M 


CM CM 


O *^ 

CM CM 


O t^ 
CM CM 


O »» 
CM CM 


O NO 

CM CM 


8 2 


OnnO 

«-• cm 


OnnO 

M CM 


On "<t 
11 CM 


On Tf 

1-1 N 


On CO 
ih N 


On^ 

M N 


On in 
i-t CM 


On NO 
w CM 


On nO 
« CM 


ON NO 

»-i CM 


2^ 


On in 

m CM 


2 ^ 


CO 10 

« CM 


00 10 

M CM 


00 CO 
•h CM 


OO CO 

M <N 


00 N 
1-1 N 


00 10 

m CM 


00 ■**• 

M CM 


OO >J"> 

1-1 CM 


00 10 

M CM 


00 in 

1-1 CM 


^c? 


00 i ^- 

1-1 CM 


s-ct 


t-t CM 


t^CM 
•1 CM 






1-1 CM 


t^. CO 
M CM 


1^ ^J" 
« CM 


m CM 


1-1 CM 




t>. CO 
1-1 CM 




a? 

S .2 


nO co 

•H CM 


«o co 

-4 CM 


vO m 
m CM 




VO 


VO CO 
ih CM 


VO CM 
- CM 


VO CO 
ih CM 


vO co 
►H CM 


vO co 
►h CM 


^c? 


VO CM 
H. CM 


•"« CM 


in n 

IH CM 


in 

M CM 


in O 


in On 


in N 

t-l CM 


in m 

HH CM 


in cm 

M CM 


in cm 

-. CM 


in cm 
n CM 


in CM 

« CM 


1-1 cm 


** CM 


M M 


Tf On 


^J- On 


rhoo 


;fs 


m CM 


2- a 


M CM 


« CM 


S5 


rhO 

>i CM 


a 5 

'S 2 


« CM 


CO O 

M CM 


CO 00 


COOO 


CO t^. 


CO O 

t-t CM 


CO ON 


?8 


CO O 
1-1 CM 


CO O 

•-• CM 


CO O 
i- CM 


CO ON 


10 


W On 


CM On 


CM t^ 


N 1^ 


N vO 


CM On 


CM 00 


CM ON 


CM On 


CM On 


CM On 


CM 00 


•s 6 


M 00 

t^ 


►H 00 


w vo 

O 10 


m vO 
O in 


•-I in 

n- 


nOO 

J-- 


1-1 r^. 

O NO 


_, OO 
O *^ 


1-1 OO 
O *^ 


•- 00 

t^. 


M 00 

O N 


►H t^» 

O NO 


•6 i 


OnnO 


OnvO 


ON "* 


ONTh 

M 


On co 


OnnO 


On in 


On NO 


On NO 


OnvO 


Cn^O 


On in 


2 So 


00 m 


00 w> 


00 <o 


00 CD 


00 N 


00 "^ 


00 ■*♦- 


00 ^N 


00 *o 


00 m 


00 »o 


00 ■<}- 


t^n- 


t^rT 


t*. CM 


t^ N 


t^ ►-< 


t-^ -'■ 


t>, CO 


l^rh 


t>.^f- 


t^ T#" 


^M 


t>« co 


5 a 

euo 

« a 


\0 co 


vo <o 


VO M 


VO « 


VO O 


vO co 


vO M 


VO co 


nO CO 


NO co 


vO co 


NO CM 


in cm 


V> CM 


m O 


in 


in On 


in cm 


in w 


in cm 


in cm 


in cm 

11 


m cm 


in m 




•* « 


^N 


«* ON 


^ ON 


Tt-00 


«■« 


TfO 


"* M 


■* M 


<d-~ 


<+ « 


^J-O 


^ 'S 


coo 


CO O 


cooo 


COOO 


CO t-* 


co O 


co On 


CO O 
M 


CO O 


co O 


co O 


CO ON 


a -2 


CM On 


cm as 


CM t^ 


N t^. 


N vO 


CM On 


CM 00 


C) On 


CM ON 


CM ON 


CM ON 


CM 00 


- O0 


*- 00 


M vO 


M VO 


1-1 in 


M 00 


M t^ 


1-. 00 


1- 00 


M 00 


M 00 


»H t>. 


as 
























£0 


.0 > 
•So 


53 




£S£h 


AS 


2,< 


<2 






> bi 

Z< 


i 0. 

Qcq 


1 



250 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 





•gf^JS 














"O TOt3 




q \o <u 




a» g 




alls 




a! w jj ,j3 




£ + !><„ 




"5 "*"^ ° 




-"2 3 <* 




H cn-G ' 




18e§ 




"^ K2 « 




.. h S-° 




- 3 c "a 




c£ft- 




•2 T3 ^ o 








9 a ~ o 




lost c 
;, for 
half 
thed 




o 3 § a 




"2 Eh *« 




o ™ "«s. 

12 «'-£.«\d 




,£>.!2 4).^ 3 






H 


le will 
which 
ly mo 
ermat 
the m 


</) 




-J 


a,^^ 


II 


oun 
erat 
ics 

For 
ster 


o 


r. Y 

num 

rcot 
d. 
mini 


Q 


8-5^.2* 




childre 
action, 
owerfu 
be emp 
vice tha 




u<i!^>.^ 








^^OS2 




cT*" gts 












"So-ooj; 




Q s ™ s*s 




>H C G !-, .5 




are fo 
enomi 
t for a 
3 the p 
Id be 










W u-S B G 



■a „ o u <u 
SJ hoi > ~ 

II 8 I 



a . *> a a d d a a o o p* o « titiua o t| cj a a |" « * 

bo ygibjbCM^tiJllaiuuuoUooulUjjUulnbc ™ o° 

*o uOiflOfiHOci^cimowtiiioOHiiitnofn h h co o 

? r ? ? t t ? r v ?v??'?'v?rv?v??v ???? 

ro w*OiO fimmmmn coo ro h ro*o \o ro<o rovo mn h vo vo ro 

6 Z6^6%6666°.66d°.66%66Z6 °. °. °. % 

500 o o o o ooog 






vo N 10 ro 10 ( 

.11111 
ro m h 10 cj 1 



o 

1 I 
m o 



4. 

.,,60100 ,«)0 >o...oo .."IS 

. rrv? .7? . . . . . .7 . . . 7 ? t . . u 















ow 



a --a 



as 



<j <s 



i|2 

1 C In 
' a! aj 
1 O (J 



a a 



a a 3 § >. s a 

1 3 p - 



CT3 

Is -a 

. 9.2 a 3.2 



a a 



<:hw < 



o « 



o u rt 



00 ,G aj >» «o"? 2 °' "C 2 

d "ft ° o 2 8 .3 2 ° «' .3 -S 8* rfi? S 

■c a-e-ns^^-o-g-c^ p s ° 

Owes .tSajJ*.^;* .-.„,- 



2^^S ; 



c ti g t! "5 " c 

52 8 2<n-B8 



DOSE-LIST. 



251 



HV^XO 000 . HcO^ 

ooocooooo 





B S B S 6 6 « 

ho ho ho ho bo N u 


N 


O O CO H CO 


O.O08-O 

O.O16-O 

O.I3-O 

O.O3-O 

2-8 

2-8 

0.016-0 

0.3-4 


"* V 


O.3-2 
O.06-0 

0.3-1 
0.13-0 

0.6-I 
O.06-O 
O.06-0 


wo 





I SO *>» 

1 o ovq 
I 6 h o 

"> CO CO CO 



COO O 
(i t) O ci 
o W COO 

6600 





.O 
" 'l ' ' 


■ • • « 10 


VO ' 


"So, 8 * • 


. . 





co 


. O O 

H CO 




M H 


N ' 


^2 • 


' - IT) 


10 


• iln 


' " " ' « M " 


H • • • 




• N 


"7" . 










" •*■■** 


4» 




' H 


,-*-, 








































E-«l+ CN 4" 






H Oh U 



2fi 
3 3 



a G 

ga s«s 

a a ri s h 
* g:a-a 1-5 



!,o b. 



^WHH^< w«J 



StfCO 

h 3 P fc; w -^ o 



Is 



II 



s -B 



3g 
cj 3 w 



.S a 



<;<5^ 



g a j. >-. a -a o T — ; *r e S (-_• 

|.saltlll|llll.i-s1 

§,2.3 g g*? E£ u o.2 > g^'go 
«< < < < 



.a S a 
cvzs -5 



H3i ig 

g 51 fcj |a 

■c 2 •£ 2 o 3 

a - a Pi a.* 55 

< <« 



!§«• 



252 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



in O 



". .6 roS 
u o bo g bo 
o u o 



? rvrv ? ? 

o ion w *o y co 



s a 

60 J ho 
Own 

? r? 

00 rOCO » 



|vi« 



a a a a 

bo bo bo bo 
ro q q q 

d ci ti ti 

ro ro^O O 

"•odd 



bo <j boboj^bobobobo 

o ooooooo 

v ?ii Hii? 

ro m\o coh iOO^O^O 

d H dd?o'ddd 



m e> o 

.77 f 

O em 



I :i 



O O o o 
ro rOHUN^D vr> ^O O 



o a 
a c 



u ° 

•a . ft 



s^ ^ 



B-a 



1 3 S o 



.j a 



B^ 



Phi-KIhJ 



■3 a 

+3 3 

JgJg 

<n fa. 



!a a • 
ofl-Sfl 



a 

2E- 



d = 



II" 



- 1 all §. 

^ rt 3 c rj g 

■as-ocigSoi^ss 

0cnJH jHO, -'3 o 
•b 13 "3 >< 3^CC3 



-g^rt-H 



g >;- O S O 



:3-c a : G-r 

T3 .3 e — >-• 

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DOSE-LIST. 



253 



»& 




R 


6 


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bobo 


ho be 


S 6 


B 6 


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ro 


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rovo vo 

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ro ro ■«*■ ro in 


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rovo ro 


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W o - 13 {3 u 

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254 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



E « 


!„•«: 


. £ J 6 S -6 . 


o 


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boy 


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DOSE- LIST. 255 



6 
. . . fitf K do • • . c . . B . . « 

« <■> . °. . & a j 2 mu'h °- . ss a °. s . v^° «j « °. . 

ool i «mny*o w *■ ° U H ^ <*> « u •» ", © ° ° y 2 o " o o 

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KOO 



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256 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



w 


Q 




0.00065-0.001 gm. 

0.01-0.16 gm. 

0.06-0.12 c.c. 

4-15 c.c. 

0.3-1.2 c.c. 

0.016-0.03 gm. 

0.3-0.65 gm. 

0.06-0.18 c.c. 

0.3-0.6 gm. 
0.002-0.006 gm. 
0.008-0.016 gm. 

4-31 gm. 
0.065-1.0 gm. 
2-4 c.c. 
4-15 c.c 
0.13-0.3 gm. 

0.3-1.0 c.c. 

4-15 c.c. 
0.0005-0.001 gm. 
0.3-2.0 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 
1.3-4.0 c.c. 
0.2-0.6 c.c. 

1.2-4.0 c.c. 
0.2-0.6 c.c. 
0.03-0.2 gm. 
0.2-1.3 gm. 
0.2-0.3 E m - 

2-4 c.c. 
0.3-4.0 gm. 


E" 


0. . m ..0 00 OO... 

MM CO M CO VO H VQ H 

.1.1.. 1 1 . . 1 . 1 1 11 

m»o h 10 u-> co <o 


10 


. . T V ?" . . T . . 1 7 . 

M M|H H M M|N .-fct 


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10 _to 

**w . O Jo co 10 . . . , "To .O 

1 hi* • i-oet h m "ThhW tj-m 10 1 ro « «o vo 
b II 1 1 1 1 1 . . 1 . .10 111 .1 

m|o «» • H» «i injo**tc m * m m« mw co to 10 


u 

Jt 
"3 
p< 

ft 

S-r 1> 
O g 

i* 

a 

a 


Foxglove. 

Theobromin and so-) 
dium salicylate. J 

Ergot of rye. 

Verba santa. 

. . . 

Hoffmann's anodyne. 
Sweet spirits of niter. 

Wahoo. 
Boneset. 


g 

C 

"D 

IE 


.£ 

►J 


Digitalinum. 
Digitalis. 

Extractum digitalis. 
Extractum digitalis fluidum. 
Infusum digitalis. 
Tinctura digitalis. 

Liquor arseni et hydrargyri ) 
iodidi. ) 
Pulvis ipecacuanhse et opii. 
Elaterinum. 
Elaterium. 
Magnesii sulphas. 
Extractum ergotae. 

fluidum. 
Vinum ergotae. 
Ergotinum. 
Fleabane. 
Oleum erigerontis. 

Syrupus eriodictyi. 

iEther. 

Spiritus aetheris compositus. 

Spiritus aetheris nitrosi. 

Eucalyptol. 

Eucalyptus. 

Extractum eucalypti fluidum. 

Oleum eucalypti. 

Extractum euonymi. 
Extractum eupatorii fluidum. 


p 


u 

E 

aS 

G 

bo 
c 

=1 


Digitalin. 
Digitalis : 

extract of. 

fluid extract of. 

infusion of. 

tincture of. 
Dionin. 

Diuretin. 

Donovan's solution. -j 

Dover's powder. 
Elaterin. 
Elaterium. 
Epsom salt. 
Ergot, extract of. 

fluid extract of. 

wine of. 
Ergotin. 
Erigeron : 

oil of. 
Eriodictyon : 

syrup of. 
Eserin. 
Ether : 

compound spirit of. 

nitrous spirit of. 
Eucalyptol. 
Eucalyptus : 

fluid extract of. 

oil of. 
Euonymin. 
Euonymus : 

extract of. 
Eupatorium : 

fluid extract of. 
Euquinin. 



DOSE- LIST. 257 



3 3 *> a 6 a a" Sa *>e a a a a &a g^a a s 



000 



bo bo ^ bo ho U> bo ^ bo^ ho bo ho ho ho^ bo ^^ »o bo bo ^ bo N(N yyyy w <Jyyyyyyy 

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6 O O O O O w 6 O O H M 6 P) 6 6 6 O 6 O O O M O O -+■ ei O M o n ■*• ^- « -ji-co <p o 

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258 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



6 . ° °. ... 
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DOSE- LIST. 259 



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W hluOOWhOW HhWmNWOtflHOOW OOH cow >w hWw 



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3 g<£ <" 

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B £ t^ Ss ^.5 S x ^ S 2 ; ? 3 ^ ^ P "^ 3 c'3 S.S rt, S S £ = x .S £ * 

x > ? o S S"u"S«S « -5 £ & .g .5 « o (o \C ^>^ u <c ■£ 3 ^ *» 3 o * « « 3 <u <u 

W faOOO O OOO GO GO O W K W 



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260 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



4) 

o 
Q 




0.005-0.008 gm. 
2-8 c.c. 
4-8 c.c. 
4-8 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 
8-15 c.c. 

0.016-0.03 gm. 
0.016-0.06 gm. 

2-4 c.c. 
2-8 c.c. 

0.03-0.2 gm. 
4-15 c.c. 
4-15 c.c. 
0.016-0.6 gm. 

0.2-0.3 c.c. 
0.016-0.3 gm. 

0.6-2.0 c.c. 

8-15 c.c. 

0.6-2.0 c.c. 

0.13-0.26 gm. 
0.3-0.6 c.c. 

4-11 c.c. 
0.2-0.3 S m - 
0.06-0.2 gm. 
0.3-0.6 gm. 
0.3-2.0 c.c. 


E - 


3-5 

Emetic 
10-30 

Expec. 
10-30 

5-10 
5-3° 


K5 


NNN H + '• MM ■■*■*• * V *+ ' rO 
.III 1' .. |l .11. .. .fll . .. 1 . . . . 

W 


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HBO H|ct h on in ■*■ y> ro w 

1 . . . . II . . L . . 1 .' . . . 1 . .III. 
H t« hwhni hoi m m e» tr>H«n 


u 

-3 
73 
a, 

o 
ft . 

>* a 

o S 

1° 

o 

a 


Golden seal. 
Henbane. 

Ipecac. 

Blue flag. 

Vallet's mass. 
Blaud's pills. 


6 

S 

1 

O 

►J 


Spiritus aetheris compositus. 

despumatum. 
Humulus. 

Extractum "mpulini fluidum. 
Tinctura humuli. 

Hydrastina. 

Hydrastiiiinae hydrochloras. 

Hydrastis. 

Extractum hydrastis fluidum. 

Tinctura hydrastis. 

Hyoscyamus. 

Extractum hyoscyami. 

Syrupus hypophosphitum. 

cum ferro. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodum. 
Tinctura iodi. 
lodoformum. 
Ipecacuanha. 

Extractum ipecacuanhae) 
fluidum. j 

Syrupus ipecacuanhae. 

Vinum ipecacuanhae. 

Iris. 

Extractum iridis. 
fluidum. 

Vinum ferri amarum. 
Massa ferri carbonatis. 
Pilulae ferri carbonatis. 
Ferri carbonas saccharatus. 
Tinctura ferri chloridi. 




a 
l 

3 


Heroin. 

Hoffmann's anodyne. 

Honey. 

clarified. 
Hops : 

fluid extract of. 

tincture of. 
Hydrargyrum (see Mercury). 
Hydrastin. 

Hydrastinin hydrochlorate. 
Hydrastis : 

extract, fluid. 

tincture of. 
Hyoscyamus : 

extract of. 
Hypophosphites, syrup of. 

with iron, syrup of. 
Ichthyol. 
Iodin: 

tincture of. 
Iodoform. 
Ipecacuanha : 

fluid extract of. ■< 
syrup of. 

wine of. 

Iris: 
extract of. 
fluid. 
Iron : 
bitter wine of. 
carbonate, mass of. 
pills of. 
saccharated. 
chlorid, tincture of. 






Eci £«. £E£SE -E£ 

bo j y bo o bo bo bo bo bo • bo bo 

CO Q JVO O OO N WVO „-, ^ f> 

?f«?"ff? ? ??* 7 ?? 

no M ficiw « co O co "4- coo 

3 n 666 6 % °. 6 6% 

o o o o 



DOSE-LIST. 26 1 



U 



1. 0-1.6 gm 
0.3-0.6 gm. 
0.3-1.3 gm 
0.6-2.0 c.c. 
0.3-0.6 gm 
4-8 c.c. 


« J? 


£ 

bo 

0' 

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S °- = u '« • 

M u £ J J °. 

O N CO H CO ■<*■ 
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co q co co 

COO CO CO 

ddo'd 


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' K) ' ClCl « M 10 * U)n *' >T> IO IO * U} ' IO ' H H " Q * * " UlO IfllO 



3 

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j £ > S 00. 

a. u 

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I . .1 8 !S p: 11 «• § 8 

iJUfJ «j li s-. |«.|. ,= -| «| 



lh if , 1 li Its at fl Is |li Elai 1 1 a 






:Ei.?||iN.!!s.=.i! glials I I 11 gill & i sill 



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.-g-sj-sj s ^ :s^ §2 fi Sl«s :s2.^. J. 






262 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A EOR NURSES. 



o 
Q 




0.6-2.0 gm. 

1-4 c.c. 
0.06-0.3 c.c. 

4-8 c.c. 
0.3-1.3 c.c. 

0.6-4.0 gm. 

0.6-4.0 gm. 

4-i5 gm. 
180-360 c.c. 

4-30 gm. 

2-4 c.c. 

8-15 c.c. 
2-0.3 gm> 

4-30 gm. 
0.03-0.13 gm. 

0.0013-0.005 gm. 

0.0013-0.005 gm. 

0.0016-0.006 gm. 

0.03-0.6 gm. 

0.006-0.6 gm. 

0.6-1.2 c.c. 

0.06-0.26 gm. 

0.008-0.06 gm. 

0.3-1.0 gm. 

4-8 c.c. 

0.3-2.0 c.c. 

0.13-0.6 gm. 

0.13-0.6 gm. 
0.13-0.6 gm. 


E 1 


.0 .... 

vo m « ci m 

* H ' ifl O •••• xr> ' '• 

H H 


KS 


■ *CJ H ■*• " " " CJ ■ • •' 

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O . . . . •<*- 00 .00 Jn Je» h:o O . to. .000 
CO « vo N * lO'+M "hH^Hmh 'T'H" W m m m 

O • • • • q ' ' ' CJ -|o Jo JO JO -Id JO ' H Mtt vo ' - CJ CJ CI 

H H 11 \o vo v£ ~>a rt *5 H H .« ^_._ 


u 

Pi 

o 

ft . 

* JJ 
o S 
a cj 

&« 

c 

§ 
>> 


Indian tobacco. 

Calcined magnesia. ) 
Husband's magnesia, j 

Epsom salt. 

Peppermint camphor. 

Quicksilver. 

Red iodid of mercury. 

Corrosive sublimate. ) 

Bichlorid of mercury.) 

Blue mass. ) 
Blue pill. } 
Calomel. 

Artificial oil of winter-) 
green. J 

Morphia. 

Naphtalene. 
Coal-tar camphor. 
Beta-naphtol. 


<o 

s 

a 

is 

'D 

Jfi 
o 
c 

3 


Lithii salicylas. 
Extractum lobeliae fluidum. 
Tinctura lobeliae. 

Magnesia. | 

Magnesii carbonas. 

citras effervescens. 
Liquor magnesii citratis. 
Magnesii sulphas. 
Oleoresina aspidii. 

Mangani oxidum nigrum. 

Menthol. 

Hydrargyrum. 

Hydrargyri iodidum rubrum. 

Hydrargyri chloridum ) f 

corrosivuro. j" \ 

cyanidum. 

Massa hydrargyri. -j 
Hydrargyri chloridum mite. 
Methyl salicylas. -j 

Morphinse sulphas. 
Moschus. 
Tinctura moschi. 
Myrrha. 
Tinctura myrrhae. 

Naphtalinum. -j 

Naphtol. 




> 

j 


Lithium salicylate. 
Lobelia : 

fluid extract of (emetic). 

(expectorant), 
tincture of (emetic), 
(expectorant). 

Magnesia. 

Magnesium carbonate. 

citrate of. 

solution of citrate of. 

sulphate. 
Male fern, oleoresin of. 
Malt, extract of. 
Manganese dioxid. 
Manna. 
Menthol. 
Mercury : 

biniodid of. 

corrosive chlorid of. -] 

cyanid. 

mass of. 

mild chlorid of. 

Methyl salicylate. 

Methylene-blue. 
Morphin sulphate. 
Musk : 

tincture of. 
Myrrh : 

tincture of. 

Naphthalin. 

Naphtol. 

beta-naphtol. 



DOSE- LI ST. 



a «... . . s a 



263 



*.:,:&,:.: . S E S , ; °. 



s ro« s "*". h 6 &&&«: o o y a a s 

Oomfno^^nl^". «„;« N 10 *o o 



OOOOOhc^OOOhhmhOOOtI- 

covo cihvo nio coo coo 00 \o \o finnti 



OI-0-OHOOOOO 

0000 0^0 



. °! s 

u ho 

u mm 


O 

ro 


. . . . •• cj bo 

H u E£Eun 

O O bObObC^ g 
CO O <N VO >-l O 


bo -J be ho bg k 

8 « 8 8 8 *? 


f?? 


O 
0) 
O 


0.06-0 
6-1 
0.3-1 

0.3-0 

06-0 

). 0006-0 


0*0000 

•«+■ CO u"l 100^ rO 

8 6 

°?^0 



00.... . . o 

00''*' ' M " CO HO 



CO I ' tO-1* « H « CO H dl 

I fc> . I I ... I I I .... I I I 
IOWO ~|M"-<!0 ~|w«N— la U-) ir> ir> 



-:^-~ 



a -a 



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<-> U 5 ••*• ™ .ti 5 2 * !2 i< 

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fijij rrni b °**sm s 1 si si i^ i^&s-sj j Jisiisii 

R £ Z OO OOPhP^PiPh PhPhPh Ph fi, PhPhPhP-. Ph P.Pi 



264 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



M O 



eg S G c u 
g B 6 «» ho g ^§ he ho g, o 
bohohoovo hoo o 01 ^ o 

rrrt?r?i ? v ? 

0^60" 






6 °. . 

bo u y 

« vo u 

??r 

\D CO N 



6 E B o . J . . .ESEs^S) 

tutaMugjuu uhobuohObot-' fr) 
so o »o q ho 6 y" J vq o o o *• m 
ri el o w' 00 h 00 Tj-00 o tl n n h 

°. d S d 6 5 



Jo, 



•*»- P) M « 






,0000 
' h 6 10 10 



5fi 
Eg 



2 Pm 



E S 



2 a 



.•X3A 

■ ^s 



W HP* Pw 



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B'S 



li 



E 
3 
a . 

"H E 
o 5 



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aJtJ P-T3 



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<V X « 

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c c 3 



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ri 1) 



5 .SlJ 

eg B »« 



.8 

O 4J 



O «j 

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s^-H 



>,£>,£> y y y 



a s y-S 

.2 p<o3 a «"B« 3 



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d x 



^■ss 



DOSE-LIST. 



265 



s0 . o «! N . w 

m o r h h •* 

•*■ to *§ co ion 



CO rooo 



6,; 

bfl". 
co ° 
O O 

?? 

H CO 



i s a s b s a • fi g 



q q o o vo »o 
o <n oi H 

8 6 6 6 6 g 



y o y 
d o o 

iu « o 



d d ci « « I? ■* m -*• 

CO CO C0*0 N SO ■*■ v£) M vO NO 



Sit. 



. :i 



. o o 

' o m 



1 t 



, I l.l 



JoOO«000 0_W 

rCOCOM rt M CO "^ M 
I I I I I I I I 

,JO O lOWIfllfllOH O 



o . 



I 



•els 

<n O c4 

D <U J- 

o g o 

ale 



■3 '53 






























a" 


B 

3 

TJ 


.s* 
















a 

3 


Ifl 

'S OT 


« i 




3 

•a 


EH 












s 

3 




•0 
■3 


B.B 

4) I- 






3 
















T3 




«o 


Extractum sarsapar 
dum compositum. 

Syrupus sarsaparillae 
tus. 

Oleum sabinae. 


1ft 

S u 

P4W 


H 

bi • 

G ho 
« v 

<" 3 

3 <« 
3 

11 


' 3 S* 
<c B 

a ° . 

c a a 

«J a 
M a a 
g J> J! 

gga 

2 « 3 

w£c/i 


a « 

C O 
.^ m 

a 
tag* 
•<3 


Sodii arsenas. 
benzoas. 
bicarbonas. 
boras, 
carbonas. 
hypophosphis. 
iodidum. 


If) 

'u O 

.-3-n 
c ft 


<n . 

^ S3 

.HP. 

CO (A ' 
1 


bcilla. 

Extractum scillae flui 
Syrupus scillae. 
Tinctura scillae. 
Extractum stillingise 


: a.?^ 

2 '3 c * 

a§ a • 
26-a • 
« g 8 • 

g 8« 

S 2 2 
B 3 5 

■^3 3 



«a 



coparius, fluic 
enega : 

fluid extract. 

syrup. 


a 

a 


2*3 . 

^2J 5 
<B.S 5? 


_> 


nitrate, 
oda, solution 
odium : 

arsenate. 

benzoate. 

bicarbonate. 

borate. 

carbonate. 

hypophosphi 

iodid. 


nitrite, 
phosphate, 
salicylate, 
sulphate. 


3 
a 


fluid extract, 
syrup of. 
tincture of. 
tillingia, fluid 


a 

3 
'3 


H 

05 


seeds, extrac 
tincture of. 
trophanthus, 
trophantin. 


c/i c/i 


C/i 




33 


C/i C/i 




C/J 


c/i 


C/J 


C/i C/i 



266 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



O 
ft 




0.001-0.003 gm. 

0.6-2.0 gm. 

4-8 gm. 

4-8 gm. 

2-4 c.c. 

0.3-1.0 gm. 

0.3-1.0 gm. 
0.06-0.3 gm. 

0.3-0.6 c.c. 
0.13-0.6 gm. 

0.3-1.2 c.c. 

0.6-1.2 gm. 
0.3-1.2 gm. 

0.06-0.3 c.c. 

4-8 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 
0.3-1.2 c.c. 
0.6-2.0 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 
0.3-1.2 c.c. 

2-8 c.c. 
0.3-2.0 c.c. 
0.06-0.6 c.c. 
0.6-2.0 c.c. 

4-8 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 

4--5 c.c. 

4-8 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 

4-15 c.c. 

2-4 c.c. 

2-8 c.c. 
0.3-1.2 c.c. 
0.3-2.0 c.c. 


£* 


0.0 .. ..0000.000 0, 

• • * • • MM 10 N ro^O 0) CO M ro ? 1 

* • • • • • • " \n ' m ' ' H''mooio*iOHO ' ' m 10 

h ro h 


4h 


.... 1 1 . , . . JT . . , | T ' ' j- £ Jgbii • ■ 






& 



Jp O 0) N . u"> ir> O. OO 


r 1 1 1 . T 7 V . V . 1" 7 


_J= 6 O ioiom o tr> 


u 

-3 
"3 

Oh 
O 

o S 
a « 

l B 

o 
a 
>» 

0) 








Brimstone 
Diuretin. 



ca 
c 

o 

.5 

ft 


Strychnina. 
Sulphonal (sulfonal). 
Sulphur, 
sublimatum. 

Tinctura sumbul. 

Terebenum. 
Terpini hydras. 
Terpinol. 

Thymol. 

Tinctura aconiti. 
aloes, 
asafcetidae. 
belladonnse. 
benzoini. 

composita. 
cacti grandiflori. 
calumbae. 
cannabis indicae. 
cantharidis. 
capsici. 

cardamomi composita. 
catechu composita. 
chiratae. 
cimicifugae. 
cinchona. 

composita. 
colchici seminis. 
cubebae. 
digitalis, 
ferri chloridi. 


. 


6 

C 

a 

c 
3 


Strychnin. 
Sulphonal. 
Sulphur (roll) : 

sublimed. 
Sumbul : 

tincture. 
Tannalbin. 
Tannigin. 
Tannoform. 
Terebene. 
Terpin hydrate. 
Terpinol. 
Theobromin. 

sodium salicylate. 
Thymol. 
Tinctures : 

aconite. 

aloes. 

asefetida. 

belladonna. 

benzoin, 
compound. 

cactus. 

calumba. 

cannabis indica. 

cantharides. 

capsicum. 

cardamom compound. 

catechu compound. 

chirata. 

cimicifuga. 

cinchona, 
compound. 

colchicum-seed. 

cubeb. 

digitalis. 
« ferric chlorid. 









DOSE- LIST. 267 



» o.ottjo »..<»*?»«»... ob<> a j . j . °. " . 

o o o o o u u o o o o u j u o u 1 o u <-> o o o y o <-> bo u bo j o j o o o u 

Myo"o'oJoo'fOtJNNMNOUONc) , ooO(JroowO ,- U (J N roo 

MCO ■*■ TfOO tj-00 00' H 00 H H H M H -^-00 N H H 6 -4- -*- "4- O N H N M ■<*- H -*- O 00 

liiililii|i|i'iiiiiiiii|Tiii 1 111 1 T 1 

VONNNNOi-^^filTj- cnvO M >© V, 0) ^- mVO ID «« tl (HOiO d^ f 0) •<*■ N ^O \0 Tj- 

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 J- 6 6 6 2 S 

o oo 



• «|a-'l=«-<t«Ha-l« H 



e« r2 - C rf 2 ij a 



ill III 'Mi! fill I Jill II ^s I si 1 I 1 
111 sty i gtatauNffiJH 14 Hjii gill i 

Of W>WH H HW 



■S3 . S . 

bjobobxi js^^^^bgo ftcr*°M5»iZ>. >-C3£>«"d<e« fc cs •£ ^ « 

HHPP > > > £ 



268 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



o 

Q 




4-3° cc. 

2-4 c.c. 

15-30 c.c. 

2-15 c.c. 

0.6-2.0 c.c. 

0.3-0.6 c.c. 

0.03-0.2 gm. 

0.06-0.3 S m - 

0.003-0.006 gm. 

0.6-1.3 & m - 

0.13-0.2 gm. 
0.016-0.06 gm. 


E" 


. ..00 

CO H 

' ' »o 


±<5 


00 M00>*- 

1 III 


W5 




& 


Xa|&w. 


~B 
ft 
o 
ft . 

>-. w 
oG 
Eg 

a 
o 
a 


Oil of gaultheria. 
Oil of chenopodium. 


V 

S 
si 

c 

is 

& 

o 

a 


Spiritus frumenti. 
Prunus virginiana. 
Extractum pruni virginianse 

fluidum. 
Infusum prunum virginianse. 
Syrupus pruni virginianae. 
Oleum gaultheriae. 
Oleum chenopodii. 

Zinci bromidum. 
oxidum. 
phosphidum. 
sulphas, 
sulphocarbolas. 
valerianas. 


i 



c 

1 
c 

ft 




i 


Whisky. 
Wild-cherry bark : 

fluid extract. i 

infusion of. 
syrup of. 
Wintergreen, oil of. 
Wormseed, oil of. 
Zinc: 

bromid. 

oxid. 

phosphid. 

sulphate (emetic). 

sulphocarbolate. 

valerianate. 



ABB RE VIA TIONS. 



269 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



aa., ana, equal parts of each. 

A. c, ante cibum, before meals. 

Add., adde, add to it. 

Ad. lib., ad libitum, as you please. 

Alt. dieb., alterna diebus, every other 

day. 
Alt. hor., alterna horis, every other 

hour. 
Alt. noc, alterna node, every other 

night. 
Ante cib., ante cibum, before meals. 
Applic, applicatur y apply. 
Aq., aqua, water. 

Aq. font., aquafontana, spring water. 
Aq. bull., aqua bulliens, boiling 

water. 
Aq. dest., aqua destillata, distilled 

water. 
Aq. mar., aqua marina, sea-water. 
Aq. pluv., aqua pluvialis, rain- 
water. 
Aq. pur., aqua pura, pure water. 
Bis hor, or bis horis, every two 

hours. 
Bis in d., bis in die, twice a day. 
Bull., bulliat, let it boil. 
C. or Cong., congius, a gallon, 
c. c, cubic centimetre. 
Cap., capiat, let him take. 
Cent., centigrade. 

Cochleat, cochleatim, by spoonfuls. 
Cochl., cochleare, spoonful. 
Coch. mag., cochleare magnus, a 

tablespoon. 
Coch. med., cochleare medium, a 

dessertspoon. 
Coch. parv., cochleare parvum, a 

teaspoon. 
Comp., compositus, compound. 



Conf., confectio, a confection. 

Cort., cortex, bark. 

Cuj., cujus, of which. 

Decoct, hord., decoctum hordei, bar- 
ley-water. 

Decub., decubitus (a bed), lying 
down. 

Destil., destilla, distil. 

Det., detur, let it be given. 

Dil., dilutus, dilute. 

Dim., dimidius, one-half. 

Div., dividendus, divide. 

Div. in p. aeq., dividatur in partes 
aquales, divide into equal parts. 

Drachm., drachma, a drachm. 

Duo., duo, two. 

Emp., emplastrum, a plaster. 

Enem., enema. 

Extr., extractum, extract. 

F., Fahrenheit. 

F. mist, fiatmistura, make a mixture. 

Far., faradic. 

Fe.,/errum, iron. 

Filt., filtra, filter. 

F.pil., fiat pilula, make a pill. 

Fot, fotus, a fomentation. 

Freq., frequenter, frequently. 

Fl., or i.,fluidus, fluid. 

"Ft., fiat, let there be made. 

Fsj, fiuidrachma, fiuidrachm. 

F^, fiuiduncia, fluidounce. 

Garg., gargarisma, a gargle. 

Gm., gramme. 

Gossyp., gossypium, cotton-woo2. 

Gr., granum, a grain, or grana t 
grains. 

Gtt., gutta, a drop, or gulta, drops. 

Guttat., guttatim, by drops. 

Hg., hydrargyrum, mercury. 



270 PRACTICAL MATERIA MEDIC A FOR NURSES. 



Hirud., hirudines, leeches. 

Hor. decub., hora decubitus, at bed- 
time. 

Ind., in dies, daily. 

Inf., infusum, an infusion. 

Inject., injectio, an injection. 

Lat. dol., lateri dolenti, to the 
affected side. 

L., litre. 

Lb., libra, a pound. 

Lib. or lbs., libra, pounds. 

Lim., limones, lemons. 

Liq., liquor. 

Lot., lotio, a lotion. 

M., misce, mix. 

TT^, minimum^ a minim. 

Mac, macera, macerate. 

Man., manipulus, a handful. 

Mass. pil., ?7iassa pilularum, pill- 
mass. 

Mel., mellita, honey. 

Mist., mislura, a mixture. 

No., numero, in number. 

Noct., node, at night. 

O., octarius, a pint. 

01., oleum, oil. 

01. oliv., oleum olives, olive oil. 

O. m., omni mane, every morning. 

Ov., ovum, an egg. 

Oz., uncia, ounce. 

P. or Pug. , pugillus, a pinch 

P. c, post cibum, after meals. 

Pil., pilula, a pill. 

Pond., ponder e, by weight. 

Pt., pint. 

P. R. N., pro re nata, as occasion 
arises. 

Pulv., pulvis, a powder. 

Q. d., quarter in die, four times a 
day. 



Q. P., quantum placet, as much as 

you please. 
Q. S., quantum sufficit, as much as 

is sufficient. 
Qt., quart. 

Quotid., quotidie, every day. 
Q. V., quantum vis, as much as you 

wish. 
R., recipe, take. 
Rad., radix, root. 
Rect., reclificatus, rectified. 
S. or Sig., signa, write. 
Scr., scrupulum, scruple. 
Sem., semen, seed. 
Sol., solution. 
Spr., spiritus, spirit. 
Sp. gr., specific gravity. 
St., stet, let it stand. 
SS. or s., semissis, a half. 
Sum., sumendus, to be taken. 
S. V. G., spiritus vini gallici, 

brandy. 
S. V. R., spiritus vini rectificatus, 

alcohol. 
S. F., spiritus frumenti, whiskey. 
Syr., syrupus, syrup. 
T., temperature. 
T., ter, three times. 
T. i. d., ter in die y three times a day. 
Tr., tinctura, tincture. 
Troch., trochisci, lozenges. 
Ung., unguentum, ointment. 
W., weight, 
g, drachma, a drachm. 
^, uncia, an ounce. 
9, scrupulum, a scruple. 

2 dis., every two hours. 

3 tis., every three hours. 

4 tis., every four hours. 
6 tis., every six hours. 



GLOSSARY 



The principal terms used in Materia Medica and Therapeutics, together 
with a Miscellaneous List of the newest drugs. 



Abluent. Cleansing. 

Abort. I. To miscarry. 2. To ar- 
rest the development of a disease. 

Abortient, Abortifacient. Caus- 
ing abortion ; also a drug which 
causes abortion. 

Absolute alcohol. Alcohol free 
from water and other impurities. 
The absolute alcohol of the Phar- 
macopeia should contain not more 
than 1 per cent, of water. 

Absorbent. 1. Sucking up moist- 
ure. 2. A medicine which absorbs 
or which stimulates absorption. 

Abstract. A powdered prepara- 
tion made from a drug or fluid ex- 
tract mixed with milk-sugar and 
having twice the strength of the 
original drug. 

A.-C.-E. mixture. An anesthetic 
mixture of 1 part of alcohol, 2 parts 
of chloroform, and 3 parts of ether. 

Acetone. A colorless liquid with 
an acrid taste and a sharp odor. It is 
anesthetic and anthelmintic. Dose, 
15 to 20 min. (0.9-1.3 c.c). 

Acetozone. A mixture of benzoyl- 
acetyl peroxid with some inert sub- 
stance. It is used internally and ex- 
ternally as an antiseptic. Dose, 2 to 
5 gr. (0.13-0.3 gm.). 

Acetum. A medicinal preparation 
with vinegar or dilute acetic acid. 

Acrid. Sharp, burning. 

Actol. Silver lactate, used as an 
antiseptic. 

Acupuncture. The insertion of 
needles into a part for the purpose 
of producing counterirritation. 

Adjuvant. A remedy which assists 
the action of another. 



Affusion. 1. Treatment by pour- 
ing water upon the body. 2. A 
liquid poured upon the body. 

Agaricin. A principle derived from 
white agaric, used in night-sweats of 
phthisis. Dose, £ to 1 gr. (0.016-0.06 
gm.). 

Agurin. A double salt of sodium 
acetate and theobromin, used as a 
diuretic. 

Airol. Bismuth oxyiodogallate, or 
dermatol with the addition of iodin, 
used as a substitute for iodoform. 

AlbOlene. A refined petroleum 
product, equivalent to petrolatum. 

Alkali. Any one of a class of 
substances having an acrid taste and 
caustic properties, combining with 
oil or fat to form soap, and turning 
red litmus blue. 

Alkaloid. A nitrogenous com- 
pound occurring in plants, capable 
of uniting with acids to form salts. 

Alterative. A drug that favorably 
modifies the general nutrition without 
exerting any demonstrable influence 
on any particular organ. 

Ammonol. A preparation said to 
contain acetanilid, sodium bicarbon- 
ate, and ammonium carbonate. 

Amyloform. A white powder, a 
compound of starch and formalde- 
hyd. It is used as an antiseptic and 
deodorizer. 

Analeptic. 1. Restorative ; cor- 
dial. 2. A restorative medicine. 

Analgesic. A medicine that re- 
lieves pain. 

Anesthesia. Insensibility to pain. 

Anesthesin. A complex com- 
pound used as a local anesthetic. 

271 



272 



GLOSSARY. 



Anesthetic. An agent that pro- 
duces insensibility to pain. 

Anhidrotic. Arresting the secre- 
tion of sweat ; also, a medicine so 
acting. 

Anilin. A colorless, oily liquid 
from coal-tar. Combined with other 
substances it forms the anilin colors 
or dyes. 

Anodyne. An agent or medicine 
that relieves pain. 

Antacid. A medicine that neutral- 
izes acidity. 

Antagonist. A drug that destroys 
or interferes with the effect of an- 
other. 

Anthelmintic. A remedy for the 
destruction and expulsion of worms. 

Anthrarobin. A yellowish pow- 
der derived from alizarin, used in 
ointment in skin-diseases. 

Antiarthritic. Useful in gouty 
conditions. 

Anticholerin. A derivative from 
cultures of cholera bacilli, used in 
cholera. 

Anticonvulsive. Useful against 
convulsions. 

Antidote. A remedy which coun- 
teracts the action of poisons. 

Anti-emetic. A remedy which les- 
sens nausea and vomiting. 

Antifebrile. Reducing fever. 

Antigalactic. Diminishing the 
secretion of milk. 

Antihydropin. A diuretic sub- 
stance obtained from cockroaches. 
Dose, 10 to 20 gr. (0.6-1.3 S m -)- 

Antikamnia. A patent anodyne 
and antipyretic preparation, said to 
be a mixture of acetanilid, sodium 
bicarbonate, caffein, and tartaric acid. 
Dose, 4 to 10 gr. (0.26-0.65 gm.). 

Antilithic. A remedy which acts 
on the kidneys, preventing the forma- 
tion of calculi. 

Antiluetic. Same as Antisyphi- 
litic. 

Antimigraine. A mixture of caf- 
fein, antipyrin, and sugar, used in 
migraine. 

Antiparasitic. Destroying or pre- 
venting the access of parasites. 

Antiperiodic. A medicine pre- 
venting the return of periodic symp- 
toms, especially mal&rial attacks. 



Antiphlogistic. An agent that 
reduces inflammation or fever. 

Antipruritic. Relieving or pre- 
venting itching. 

Antipyretic. A remedy for re- 
ducing temperature ; a febrifuge. 

Antirheumatic. Relieving or pre- 
venting rheumatism. 

Antiscorbutic. 1. Preventing 
scurvy. 2. A remedy for scurvy. 

Antisepsin. An odorless, taste- 
less, crystalline substance, used as an 
antipyretic, analgesic, and antiseptic. 
Dose, \ to 1 gr. (0.03-0.06 gm.). 

Antiseptic. Preventing the growth 
of germs and of putrefaction. 

Antiseptol. A reddish-brown 
powder, the iodosulphate of quinin, 
used as a substitute for iodoform. 

Antisialic. An agent that de- 
creases the flow of saliva. 

Antispasmin. A combination of 
narcein-sodium and sodium salicylate. 
It is hypnotic and sedative in painful 
and convulsive conditions, especially 
whooping-cough. 

Antispasmodic. A medicine which 
cures or counteracts a spasm. 

Antisyphilitic. Relieving syphilis 
or its symptoms. 

Antithermic. Same as Antipy- 
retic. 

Antitoxin. A substance formed 
in the blood of an animal as a result 
of the inoculation of a poison, and 
acting as a neutralizer of that poison. 

Antivenene. Blood-serum from 
animals immunized against snake- 
bite. 

Antizymotic. An agent or medi- 
cine that arrests fermentative proc- 
esses. 

Anusol. The iodoresorcin sul- 
phonate of bismuth, used as a 
remedy for hemorrhoids and catarrh, 
fissure, and pruritus of the rectum 
and vagina. 

Apocodein. A derivative of co- 
dein, used as an expectorant in 
bronchitis. Dose, | to I gr. (0.05- 
0.65 gm.). 

Apolysin. Phenetidin citrate, with 
properties resembling phenacetin. 
Dose, 5 to 30 gr. (0.3-2.0 gm.). 

Aqueous. Watery ; prepared with 
water. 



GLOSSARY. 



273 



Aqueous extract. A solid prepa- 
ration of drugs made from watery 
or aqueous solutions. 

Arecolin. An alkaloid obtained 
from the betel-nut. A 1 per cent, 
solution is sometimes used in place 
of eserin to contract the pupil of the 
eye. 

Argentamin. A solution of silver 
phosphate in ethylendiamin, used as 
an antiseptic, especially in catarrhal 
conditions of the nose and throat. 

Argonin. A compound of silver 
with casein, used for gonorrhea in 2 
per cent, solution. 

Argyrol. A compound of silver 
with an albuminous substance, ob- 
tained from wheat, containing 30 per 
cent, of silver. It is used as an anti- 
septic in solutions of from 5 to 20 
per cent, in inflammatory diseases of 
mucous membranes. 

Aristoquinin. A tasteless prepa- 
ration of quinin (diquinin carbonic 
ether). Dose, 5 to 10 gr. (0.3-0.6 
gm.). 

Aromatic. A medicine having a 
spicy odor and taste, and stimulant 
to the gastro-intestinal mucous mem- 
brane. 

Aseptic. Free from germs and 
septic material. 

AseptOl. A reddish, syrupy liquid, 
used as an antiseptic in diseases of 
the bladder, eye, and skin. 

Asparagin. A derivative of as- 
paragus, used as a diuretic. Dose, 
I to 2 gr. (0.03-0.13 gm.). 

Aspidospermin. An alkaloid from 
the bark of quebracho, used in affec- 
tions of the respiratory tract, such as 
asthma, etc. Dose, \ to \ gr. (0.016- 
0.03 gm.). 

Aspirin. Acetyl salicylic acid, 
used like salicylates in rheumatism. 
Dose, 5 to 20 gr. (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Astringent. A medicine which 
causes contraction of the tissues and 
arrests the flow of secretions. 

Bactericide. An agent that de- 
stroys bacteria. 

Base. 1. The chief ingredient in a 
prescription. 2. A substance which 
can combine with acids to form salts. 

Bebeerin. An alkaloid from Nec- 

18 



tandra rodiai. The sulphate is used 
as an antiperiodic. Dose, 2 to 5 gr. 
(0.15-0.3 gm.). 

Benzonaphthol. A white, crys- 
talline powder, used as an intestinal 
antiseptic, especially for children. 
Dose, 4 to 8 gr. (0.25-0.5 gm.). For 
children, according to age. 

Bismutan. A yellow powder with 
a sweet taste, said to contain bismuth, 
resorcin, and tannic acid. Used in 
the diarrhea of children. Dose, 8 to 
15 gr. (0.52-0.97 gm.). 

Bismutose. An insoluble, odor- 
less, and tasteless bismuth-albumin 
compound. Dose, 10 to 20 gr. (0.6- 
1.3 gm.). 

Bitters. Medicines having a bit- 
ter taste and increasing the tone of 
the gastro-intestinal mucous mem- 
brane. They are divided into simple 
bitters, or those which simply stimu- 
late the digestive tract ; and aromatic 
bitters, or those that have the proper- 
ties of aromatics as well. 

Bromipin. A combination of bro- 
min with oil of sesame, used as a 
substitute for the bromids. Dose, 1 
to 3 dr. (4-12 c.c). 

Bromocoll. A combination of 
bromin, tannic acid, and gelatin, used 
as a substitute for the bromids. 

Cachet (kah-sha'). A wafer or 
capsule for medicines. 

Cacodylates. Combinations of 
arsenous acid with an organic base 
(methyl), comparatively non-toxic. 
Dose, I to 2 gr. (0.03-0.13 gm.), 
hypodermically. 

Cactina. A preparation of night- 
blooming cereus, said to be a heart- 
stimulant. 

Calmative. A calming, sedative 
medicine. 

Capsule. A soluble case for in- 
closing a dose of medicine. 

Cardiac. Relating to the heart. 

Cardiac sedative. A drug that 
decreases the force of the heart's 
action. 

Cardiac stimulant. A drug that 
increases the force of the heart's 
action. 

Cardiant. A medicine affecting 
the heart. 



274 



GLOSSARY. 



Carminative. A medicine ex- 
pelling gas from the stomach and 
bowels. 

Carpain. Active principle from 
Carica papaya, used like digitalis in 
heart-affections. Dose, hypoder- 
mically, ^ to \ gr. (0.006-0.01 gm.). 

Catapnoresis. Introduction of 
medicines into the system by means 
of the electric current. 

Cataplasm. A poultice. 

Cathartic. Purgative ; also a 
purgative medicine. 

Caustic. A substance which burns 
and destroys the life of the part to 
which it is applied. 

Cauterant. A caustic material or 
application. 

Cerate. A greasy substance con- 
sisting of wax mixed with oils, fatty 
substances, or resins, and of such con- 
sistence that at ordinary temperature 
it can be readily spread upon linen 
or muslin, and yet so firm that it will 
not melt or run when applied to the 
skin. 

Cerebral sedative. An agent 
which decreases the activity of the 
brain. 

Cerebral stimulant. An agent 
which increases the activity of the 
brain. 

Cetaceum. Spermaceti. 

Cetrarin. An alkaloid from Ice- 
land moss, used as a stomachic. Dose, 
3 to 6 gr. (0.2-0.4 S m -) m piU form. 

Chaulmoogra Oil. A fatty sub- 
stance obtained from seed of Gyno- 
cardia odorata. It is used internally 
and locally in leprosy. Dose, 10 to 
30 min. (0.6-2.0 c.c). 

CMnosol. An antiseptic, bacteri- 
cide, and disinfectant. It is used 
locally in solutions of from 1 : 1000 
to 1 : 100. 

Chloretone. A compound formed 
by acting on equal parts of chloro- 
form and acetone with caustic potash. 
It is used internally as a hypnotic, 
and externally as an antiseptic. Dose, 
5 to 20 gr. (0.3-1.3 gm.). 

Cholagogue. A remedy that in- 
creases the secretion of bile. 

Cicatrizant. An agent which pro- 
motes cicatrization. 

Cinnamic acid. An acid occur- 



ring naturally in Peru and tolu bal- 
sams and also prepared artificially. 
It has been used in the treatment of 
tuberculosis. 

Cocainism. Chronic poisoning 
from the improper use of cocain. 

Collargolum. A soluble form of 
metallic silver, recommended both 
internally and locally in septic dis- 
eases. 

Collutory. A mouth-wash or gar- 
gle. 

Collyrium. An eye-lotion. 

Compatibility. The quality of 
being suitable for administration with 
another specified medicine. 

Condurango. The bark of Gono- 
lobus condurango , used as an alter- 
ative in syphilis and cancer. Dose 
of fluid extract, 20 to 30 min. (1.2-2.0 
c.c). 

Confection. A mixture of a me- 
dicinal substance with sugar, honey, 
or syrup. 

Contraindication. A condition 
which forbids any particular course 
of treatment. 

Convolvulin. A derivative from 
Ipomcea purga, used as a purgative. 
Dose, \\ to 3 gr. (0.09-0.18 gm.). 

Convulsant. A medicine that pro- 
duces convulsions. 

Cornutin. One of the principles 
of ergot. It is a brownish powder. 
It is recommended to relieve uterine 
hemorrhage and to increase the vigor 
of labor-pains. Dose, ^ to \ gr. 
(0.003-0.01 gm.). 

Coronilla. A plant, of which the 
tincture and the powder from the 
flowers are used as heart-tonics. 

Corrective. A drug which modi- 
fies the action of another drug. 

Corrosive. Eating away the tis- 
sues ; also, a substance so acting. 

Cosaprin. A derivative of ace- 
tanilid. It is a grayish powder with 
antipyretic properties. 

Cosmetic. A substance used for 
beautifying. 

Counterirritant. An agent which 
produces counterirritation. 

Counterirritation. Irritation ap- 
plied at some part to relieve pain, 
reduce inflammation, or hasten ab- 
sorption at another point having 



GLOSSARY. 



275 



some vascular or nervous connection 
with the first part. 

Creole's ointment. An ointment 
containing 15 per cent, of soluble 
metallic silver. It is recommended 
as an application in septic inflamma- 
tion and erysipelas. 

Creosotal. Creosote carbonate, 
an oily liquid, used as an expecto- 
rant. Dose, 5 to 10 min. (0.3-0.6 c.c). 

Cumulative action. A sudden 
marked effect after the administra- 
tion of a number of ineffective doses 
of a drug. 

Decoction. The extract obtained 
from any substance by boiling it in 
water. 

Deliquescent. Having a tendency 
to become liquid by absorbing moist- 
ure from the air. 

Delirifacient. A medicine that 
produces delirium. 

Demulcent. A remedy which 
soothes sensitive surfaces and pro- 
tects them from irritation. 

Dentifrice. A tooth-powder or 
tooth-paste. 

Deobstruent. A medicine which 
removes obstructions ; an aperient. 

Deodorant. A substance that will 
remove or correct offensive odors. 

Deodorizer. Destroyer of odors. 

Deoxidize. To deprive of oxygen. 

Depilatory. An agent that de- 
stroys or removes the hair. 

Depressomotors. Drugs that les- 
sen muscular activity by depressing 
the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. 

Depurant, Depurative. Purify- 
ing; cleansing; also, a cleansing 
medicine. 

Derivative. A medicine or agent 
drawing blood from the seat of dis- 
ease. 

Desiccant, Desiccative. Promot- 
ing dryness ; drying. 

Detergent. Cleansing ; a cleansing 
medicine or lotion. 

Diabeten. A trade name for levu- 
lose or fruit-sugar. 

Diaphoretic. A remedy which in- 
creases the perspiration. 

Digestant, Digestive. A remedy 
which aids digestion ; a digestive 
tonic. 



Diluent. An agent that dilutes. 

Dionin. An artificial alkaloid pre- 
pared from morphin. It has prop- 
erties similar to codein. Dose, I to 
i gr. (0.016-0.03 gm.). 

Disinfectant. An agent which 
destroys germs. 

Distillation. The process of con- 
verting a substance into vapor, then 
condensing the vapor into a liquid 
by cooling. 

Diuretics. Medicines which in- 
crease the flow of the urine. They 
are distinguished as alterative diuret- 
ics, or those that are used for their 
local effects on the surfaces over 
which they pass, and hydragogue 
diuretics, or those that increase the 
flow of water from the kidneys. 

Dose. A portion of medicine to 
be taken at one time. 

Draught. A liquid medicine to 
be swallowed in a single dose. 

Ecbolic. A medicine which has- 
tens labor or expels the contents of 
the pregnant uterus. 

Efflorescent. Becoming powdery 
by losing the water of crystallization. 

Electuary. A preparation made 
by mixing powders with syrup, honey, 
or other sweet vehicle. 

Elixir. A solution of a medicinal 
substance in alcohol and water and 
flavored with aromatics. 

Embrocation. A liquid to be ap- 
plied to the body with the hand. 

Emesis. Vomiting. 

Emetic. A medicine to produce 
vomiting. A peripheral emetic acts 
on the nerves of the stomach ; a centric 
emetic acts on the vomiting center in 
the brain. 

Emmenagogue. A medicine which 
promotes the flow of the menses. A 
direct emmenagogue acts directly on 
the sexual organs ; an indirect em- 
menagogue acts by relieving some 
causative condition. 

Emollient. A softening and sooth- 
ing application or liniment. 

Emplastrum. A plaster. 

Emulsion. An oily or resinous 
medicine, suspended in water through 
the agency of adhesive substances. 

Eosote. Valerianate of creosote, 



276 



GLOSSARY. 



used in tuberculosis and as an in- 
testinal antiseptic. It is given in 
capsules containing 3 gr. (0.2 gm.). 

Epicarin. A compound combin- 
ing the properties of creosote and 
naphthol, especially recommended as 
a local remedy in parasitic skin-dis- 
eases. 

Epispastic. A blistering agent. 

Errhine. A remedy which in- 
creases the discharge from the mu- 
cous membranes of the nostrils. 

Erythrol tetranitrate. A com- 
pound having an action like nitro- 
glycerin. Dose, i to 2 gr. (0.03-0.13 
gm.). 

Escharotic. See Caustic. 

Essence. A strong solution of 
one part of volatile oil in four of 
rectified spirits. 

Essential oil. A volatile oil ; one 
obtained by distillation. 

Eucain. An artificial alkaloid ; a 
local anesthetic. Used like cocain, in 
i to 2 per cent, solutions. 

Euchinin. A product of the action 
of ethylchlorocarbonate on quinin, 
having properties like quinin without 
its disagreeable symptoms. 

Eudoxin. A red powder, the bis- 
muth salt of nosophen, used as an 
intestinal antiseptic. 

Eunatrol. Oleate of sodium, rec- 
ommended as a cholagogue and sol- 
vent of gall-stones. Dose, 3 to 5 
gr. (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Euphthalmin. An artificial alka- 
loid derived from eucain, and used 
in solutions of from 4 to 6 per cent, 
to dilate the pupil of the eye. 

Evacuant. A medicine which 
empties the bowels. 

Excipient. An inactive substance 
added to the active medicines of a 
prescription to give it a suitable form 
or bulk. 

Excitant. A medicine which 
arouses functional activity. 

Excitomotor. An agent that ex- 
cites motion and functional activity ; 
a stimulant to the spinal cord. 

Exhilarant. A remedy that causes 
elation of spirits. 

Expectorant. A medicine which 
modifies or increases the expectora- 
tion. 



Extract. A medicinal preparation 
made by extracting the ingredients 
of vegetable substances by means of 
alcohol, water, or water and alcohol. 
An extract is a solid preparation; a 
fluid extract is a liquid preparation. 
Official fluid extracts are liquid 
preparations in which each cubic cen- 
timeter contains the active ingre- 
dients of one gram of the crude drug. 

Febrifuge. An agent for allaying 
fever. 

Febrile. Relating to fever. 

Ferment. An agent that can cause 
chemic decomposition in an organic 
compound. 

Ferratin. A reddish-brown pow- 
der, said to be an iron-compound 
from hog's liver. Dose, 2 to 5 gr. 
(0.13-0.33 gm.). 

Filtrate. A liquor which has 
passed through a filter. 

Flatulence. Accumulation of gas 
in the stomach or intestine. 

Galactagogue. Increasing the flow 
of milk ; also a medicine so acting. 

Gallobromol. A white, crystalline 
substance, used like potassium bro- 
mid in nervous disorders. Dose, 7^ 
gr. to 2 dr. (0.5-8.0 gm.). 

Gelatin. The air-dried product 
of the action of boiling water on 
gelatinous animal tissues, such as 
tendons, ligaments and bones. It 
has the property of increasing the 
coagulability of the blood, and is used 
locally, by the mouth, and hypoder- 
mically to arrest hemorrhage. 

Geosote. Valerianate of guaiacol. 

Germicide. An agent or drug that 
destroys microbes. 

Glucosid. A body extracted from 
certain vegetable drugs, capable of 
being converted into glucose. 

Glutol. A combination of formalin 
with gelatin, used as a local disin- 
fectant. 

Glycerite. A mixture of a medi- 
cine with glycerin. 

Granule. A small pill. 

Hedonal. A complex compound 
used as a hypnotic. Dose, 10 to 30 
gr. (0.6-2.0 gm.). 



GLOSSARY. 



277 



Helmital. The methylene citron- 
ate of urotropin, used as a urinary- 
antiseptic. Dose, 5 to 10 gr. (0.3-0.6 
gm.). 

HematilliC. An agent that in- 
creases the hemoglobin in the 
blood. 

Hemogallol. A reddish-brown 
powder, obtained by the action of 
pyrogallol on the hemoglobin of the 
blood. It is used in anemia and 
chlorosis. Dose, 3 to 8 gr. (0.2-0.5 
gm.). 

Hemoglobin. The red coloring- 
matter of blood, used in anemia and 
chlorosis. Dose, ii to 3 gr. (0.1- 
0.18 gm.). 

Hemol. A blackish-brown pow- 
der, obtained by the action of zinc- 
dust on the coloring-matter of blood, 
used in chlorosis. Dose, i£ to 7J gr. 
(0.1-0.5 g m -)- 

Hemostatic. An agent to arrest a 
flow of blood. 

Holocain. A derivative of phe- 
netidin, used as a local anesthetic, 
especially in surgery of the eye. 

Hydragogue. A purgative which 
causes the discharge of water from 
the system. 

Hyperpyrexia. Excess of fever. 

Hypnotic. Agent for causing 
sleep. 

Hypodermic, Hypodermatic. 
Under the skin ; a term applied to 
injections made under the skin by 
means of a hypodermic syringe. 

Hypodermoclysis. Injection of 
fluid into the subcutaneous tissues. 

Idiosyncrasy. An individual pe- 
culiarity in regard to the action of 
certain drugs, their action and effect 
being entirely different from what are 
expected. 

Incompatible. Not suitable for 
combination or administration to- 
gether : said of two medicines or 
drugs. 

Infusion. A medicinal prepara- 
tion made by extracting the active 
principles of a substance by pouring 
hot or cold water upon it and letting 
it stand. 

Inoculation. The insertion of 
diseased fluid from the body of one 



creature into the body of another, as 
calf-lymph is used for vaccination. 

Insufflation. A fine medicated 
powder intended to be blown into 
the nose or throat. 

Iodoformogen. A preparation of 
iodoform and albumin, used as an 
odorless substitute for iodoform. 

Irrigation. Washing by a stream 
of water or other lotion. 

Irritant. An agent that causes 
irritation. 

Isinglass. The dried swimming- 
bladder of certain species of fish. It 
is used externally as a protective. 

Itrol. Silver citrate ; used in the 
treatment of gonorrhea. 

Izol. A disinfectant and germi- 
cide, produced in the manufacture 
of coke. It is said to be superior to 
carbolic acid. Used in strength of £ 
to 1 per cent. 

Jequirity. The seed of Abrus pre- 
catorlus, growing in India and Brazil. 
It is sometimes used in the form of a 
3 per cent, infusion as a local remedy 
in chronic conjunctivitis. 

Kaolin. A fine clay used as a 
dusting-powder in skin diseases and 
as an excipient in making certain pills. 

Kava-kava. The root and resin 
of Piper methysticum ; used as a 
remedy in gonorrhea and cystitis. 
Dose of fluid extract, 15 to 60 min. 
(1-4 c.c). 

Keratin. A horny substance used 
for coating pills when the latter are 
intended to act on the bowel rather 
than on the stomach. 

Kola. The seeds of Kola acumi- 
nata; used as a cardiac and nerve- 
stimulant. 

Kryofin. A white crystalline coal- 
tar product, used as an antipyretic 
and analgesic. Dose, 4 to 7^ gr. 
(0.25-0.5 gm.). 

LactagOgue. A medicine for in- 
ducing milk secretion. 

Lamellse. Thin scales or discs of 
medicinal substances. 

Largin. A compound of silver 
and albumin, recommended for gon- 
orrhea. 



278 



GLOSSARY. 



Laxative. A mild cathartic. 

Lecithin. A preparation of phos- 
phates, recommended in various ner- 
vous affections. Dose, 3 to 5 gr. (0.2- 
0.3 gra.). 

Lethal dose. A deadly or fatal 
dose. 

Liniment. A liquid for external 
application. 

Liquor. A solution of a non-vola- 
tile mineral substance in water. 

Lotion. A solution for external 
use : it may be evaporating or non- 
evaporating. 

Lozenge. A sweet medicated tab- 
let. 

Lycetol. A compound used as a 
solvent of uric acid. Dose, 5 to 15 
gr. (0.3-1.1 gm.). 

Lysidin. A pinkish, crystalline 
substance, used as a solvent for uric 
acid. Dose, 1 to 5 gr. (0.065-0.33 
gm.). 

Lysoform. Formic aldehyd soap, 
used as an antiseptic and disinfectant 
in solution of from 5 to 10 per cent. 

Maceration. The process of soft- 
ening a solid by soaking. 

Malakin. A salicylic derivative, 
used as an antipyretic and anodyne. 
Dose, i\ to 15 gr. (0.5-1 gm.). 

Materia medica. The branch of 
medical science which deals with 
drugs, their sources and preparation. 

Menstruum. A solvent medium. 

Mesotan. This is a liquid salicylic 
preparation recommended as a sub- 
stitute for oil of wintergreen in the 
local treatment of rheumatic joints. 

Migrainin. A preparation of anti- 
pyrin.caffein, and citric acid, used in 
migraine and influenza. Dose, 10 to 
15 gr. (0.7-1 gm.). 

Mixture. A medicine consisting 
of several liquids mixed together, or 
of a liquid containing solid matter in 
suspension. 

Mucilage. Medicinal preparations 
of soluble gummy substances dis- 
solved in water. 

Mydriatic. A drug used to dilate 
the pupil of the eye. 

Myotic. A drug which causes the 
pupil to contract. 

Myrtol. A volatile oil distilled 



from the leaves of the European myr- 
tle. It is used as a stimulant expec- 
torant, resembling in its effects eu- 
calyptol. Dose, 3 to 10 min. (0.2-0.6 
c.c). 

Narcotic. A medicine which in- 
duces sleep. 

Nauseant. A drug or agent that 
induces nausea. 

Nerve-sedative. An agent which 
has a soothing influence on the 
nervous system. 

Nervine. A drug increasing the 
tone of the nervous system ; a nerve- 
tonic. 

Niemeyer's pill. A pill contain- 
ing one grain each of blue mass, pow- 
dered squill, and powdered digitalis. 
It is used as a cathartic and diuretic 
in removing dropsy. 

Nosophen. A yellow powder, pre- 
pared by treating phenolphthalein 
with iodin ; used as a local antiseptic. 

Nutrient. Nourishing. 

Official. Recognized by the U. S. 
Pharmacopeia. 

Ointment. A fatty medicated 
preparation of such consistence that 
it melts when rubbed upon the skin. 
Ointments are prepared from lard, 
vaselin, or lanolin. 

Oleaginous. Oily. 

Oleate. A solution of a substance 
in oleic acid. 

Oleoresin. A principle consisting 
of a mixture of a resin with a natural 
oil, extracted from vegetable sub- 
stances by the action of ether. 

Oleum. Oil. 

Orphol. A compound of beta- 
naphthol and bismuth, used as an in- 
testinal antiseptic and astringent. 
Dose, 5 to 15 gr. (0.32-1 gm.). 

Orthoform. A new local anes- 
thetic, being a synthetic cocain. 
Given also internally in doses of 7% 
to 15 gr. (0.5-1 gm.). 

Oxytocic. A medicine which pro- 
motes uterine contraction and thus 
hastens labor. 

Pancreatin. The active principle 
of pancreatic juice. 
Paraform. A white crystalline 



GLOSSARY. 



279 



substance, used as an antiseptic and 
disinfectant. Dose, 7J to 15 gr. (0.5- 
1 gm.). 

Parasiticide. An agent that de- 
stroys parasites on the skin. 

Parturifacient. A medicine that 
facilitates childbirth. 

Parvule. A small pill. 

Pastille. A sugared confection ; a 
lozenge. 

PellOtin. A hypnotic alkaloid 
from a species of Mexican cactus. 
Dose, hypodermically, J to § gr. 
(0.02-0.04 gm.). 

Pental. A colorless liquid, used 
as a general and local anesthetic. It 
has a tendency to depress the circu- 
lation. 

Percolation. The extraction of 
the soluble parts of a drug by means 
of a liquid solvent. 

Peronin. An artificial alkaloid, 
prepared from morphin, and used as 
a substitute for morphin. Dose, £ to 
i gr. (0.01-0.03 gm.). 

Pharmacodynamics. The study 
of the action of drugs. 

Pharmacography. The study of 
crude drugs and medicines. 

Pharmacology. The science of 
drugs, especially of their actions. 

Pharmacopeia. An authoritative 
treatise on drugs and their prepara- 
tions. 

Pharmacy. The art of preparing 
and compounding medicines. 

Phosphorescence. Emission of 
light without heat. 

Phototherapy. The treatment of 
disease by means of concentrated 
sunlight or electric arc-light. 

Picric acid. An acid produced by 
the action of nitric acid on a combi- 
nation of carbolic and sulphuric acid. 
A one per cent, solution is used as a 
sedative lotion in burns and acute 
inflammatory skin-diseases. 

Placebo. A medicine given to 
gratify a patient or simply to affect 
his imagination. 

Plasmins. Liquid derivatives of 
the cell-secretions of lower organ- 
isms, used to give immunity against 
the action of the organisms from 
which they are derived. 

Prophylactic. 1. Warding off 



disease. 2. A medicine that tends 
to ward off disease. 

Protargol. A yellowish powder, 
a combination of silver with albumin. 
Used as an antiseptic. 

Protective. An agent used to 
cover a part, as collodion and gutta- 
percha. 

Proteid. A non-crystallizable ni- 
trogenous compound,' such as egg- 
albumen, gluten, fibrin, and casein. 

Protein. An artificial compound 
almost similar to white of egg. 

Ptomain. An alkaloidal substance, 
produced by putrefactive processes 
in animal and vegetable tissues. 

Pulver, Pulvis. A powder. 

Purgative. Medicine that causes 
evacuation of the bowels. 

Pustulant. A drug that produces 
pustules. 

Pyramidon. A yellowish-white 
powder, derived from antipyrin, and 
used as an antipyretic and analgesic. 
Dose, 3 to 8 gr. (0.2-0.52 gm.). 

Pyrexia. Elevation of tempera- 
ture ; fever. 

Quinic acid. A substance obtained 
from various fruits and recommended 
as a solvent of uric acid and as a 
remedy for gout. 

Rectified. Refined. 

Refrigerant. An agent used to 
relieve fever and thirst. 

Resin. A solid preparation ob- 
tained from certain plants and trees 
and allied to a volatile oil. 

Resolvent. A medicine producing 
subsidence of a disease with restora- 
tion of parts to their normal condition. 

Resorhin. An ointment-base pre- 
pared from pure almond-oil and wax 
by emulsion with water and adhesive 
solution. 

Restorative. A remedy which 
restores to a condition of health and 
vigor. 

Retinol. A hydrocarbon distilled 
from rosin ; used as an ointment- 
basis and having stimulating, anti- 
septic properties. 

Revulsant, Revulsive. A drug 
or measure adopted to draw blood 
from a distant part. 



28o 



GLOSSARY. 



RMgolene. The light, inflamma- 
ble liquid distilled from petroleum ; 
used in spray to produce local anes- 
thesia. 

Rhizome. The part of the root- 
stalk of a plant which grows under- 
ground. 

Roborant. Giving strength ; 
strengthening; also, a remedy so 
acting. 

Rubefacient. An irritant which 
causes redness of the skin. 

Sanatogen. A nutrient tonic, said 
to be a glycerin phosphate of sodium 
and casein. 

Sanoform. A derivative of iodin 
and oil of gaultheria, recommended 
as a substitute for iodoform. 

Sanose. An albuminous food- 
preparation, said to contain casein 
and albumose. 

Saturated solution. A solution 
containing all of that drug which the 
menstruum employed is capable of 
holding in solution. 

Sedative. A soothing medicine. 

Sialagogue. A medicine which 
increases the flow of saliva. 

Sidonal. A combination of quinic 
acid and piperazin, recommended in 
gout. Dose, 5 to 20 gr. (0.3-1.3 gra.). 

Sinapism. A mustard-plaster. 

Solution. A liquid containing par- 
ticles of a solid, gas, or another liquid 
diffused through it. 

Solvent. Dissolving; also, an 
agent that acts by dissolving. 

Somatose. A preparation con- 
sisting of the albuminous constit- 
uents of meat in a readily digestible 
form. It is recommended as a food 
in doses of from \ to 1 ounce (15-30 
gm.). 

Somnifacient. A drug that in- 
duces sleep. 

Soporific. An agent which in- 
duces sleep. 

Sorbefacient. An agent produc- 
ing absorption. 

Specific. A medicine particularly 
indicated in, or especially curative of, 
a given disease. 

Specific gravity. The weight of 
a substance compared with that of 
another. 



Stimulant. An agent which in- 
creases functional activity ; stimu- 
lants may be general or local. 

Stomachic. A medicine which acts 
as a stimulant to the stomach. 

Styptic. A remedy to check bleed- 
ing ; an astringent. 

Styracol. A combination of guai- 
acol and cinnamyl chlorid, used as 
an antiseptic in the treatment of 
tuberculosis. 

Subcutaneous. Beneath the skin. 

Sublamin. A compound of mer- 
cury sulphate and ethylendiamin. It 
is used as an antiseptic in solutions 
of from 1 : 5000 to 1 : 1000. 

Succus. Juice. 

Sucramin. An ammoniacal salt 
of saccharin, having a sweetening 
power 700 times greater than that of 
beet-sugar. 

Sudorific. An agent causing per- 
spiration. 

Supersaturated solution. A solu- 
tion made in a heated condition, and 
thus containing a greater quantity of 
the solid than it could have absorbed 
at its normal temperature. 

Suppositories. Cone-shaped me- 
dicinal preparations for introduction 
into the rectum, vagina, or urethra. 

Syrup. A medicinal preparation 
made with sugar and water. 

Tachiol. Silver fluorid, used in 
solutions of from 1 : 10,000 to 1 : 1000 
as an antiseptic and germicide. 

Taka-diastase. A starch-digest- 
ing ferment obtained from a fungus 
growing on wheat bran. Dose, 3 to 
S gr. (0.2-0.3 gm.). 

Tannalbin. A preparation of 
tannin and albumin, used as an 
astringent in diarrheal conditions. 
Dose, 10 to 20 gr. (0.6-1.3 gm.). 

Tannigen. A derivative of tannic 
acid, used as an astringent in diar- 
rhea. Dose, 10 to 20 gr. (0.6-1.3 
gm.). 

Tannoform. A product of tannin 
and formaldehyd. It is a yellowish 
powder, used as an antiseptic and 
astringent. 

Teniacide. An agent which kills 
tape-worms. 

Thallium acetate. A white crys- 



GLOSSARY. 



28l 



talline salt, used to check night- 
sweats. Its continued use sometimes 
causes baldness. Dose, 1 to 3 gr. 
(0.06-0.2 gm.). 

Theocin. A compound prepared 
artificially from acetic acid. It has 
diuretic properties like those of caf- 
fein. Dose, 3 to 8 gr. (0.2-0.5 
gm.). 

Therapeutics. That branch of 
medicine which treats of the applica- 
tions of remedies and all forms of 
cure. 

Thiosinamin. A crystalline com- 
pound produced by acting on the oil 
of mustard with ammonia. It is used 
both internally and externally to 
soften scar tissue. 

Thymacetin. A derivative of 
thymol, allied to phenacetin ; used 
as a hypnotic and analgesic in ner- 
vous and mental disorders. Dose, 3 
to 15 gr. (0.25-1.0 gm.). 

Tincture. An alcoholic solution 
of a drug. 

Tolerance. Ability to endure the 
continued use of a drug. 

Tonic. A medicine which in- 
creases the strength and vigor of an 
organ or gives tone to the whole body. 

Toxicity. The quality of being 
poisonous. 

Toxicology. Science of poisons. 

Triturate, Trituration. A prepa- 
ration made by rubbing up a drug 
with milk-sugar. 

Troches. Lozenges; small solids 
of various shapes intended to be dis- 
solved in the mouth. 

Tropacocain. An alkaloid from 
a variety of coca, used as a local 
anesthetic, like cocain. 



Trunecek's serum. A weak solu- 
tion of alkaline salts in water, recom- 
mended in chronic disease of the 
blood-vessels. 

Tussol. Antipyrin amygdalate, 
used in whooping-cough. Dose, in 
aqueous solution, | to 6 gr. (0.05- 
0.4 gm.), according to age. 

Unofficial. Not authorized by the 
Pharmacopeia. 

Urosin. Quinate of lithium, used 
in gout. Dose, 5 to 8 gr. (0.3-0.5 
gm.). 

Vascular system. A system of 
blood-vessels. 

Vasomotor. Controlling the cali- 
ber of the blood-vessels. 

Vehicle. Same as Excipient. 

Vermicide. A remedy that de- 
stroys intestinal worms. 

Vermifuge. Same as Anthelmintic. 

Veronal. A crystalline compound 
used as a hypnotic. Dose, 5 to 8 
gr. (0.3-0.5 gm.). 

Vesicant. A blistering-agent. 

Vinegars. Preparations made by 
percolating a drug with vinegar or 
dilute acetic acid. 

Volatile. Evaporating quickly. 

Vulnerary. A medicine used to 
relieve the pain of wounds and to 
promote their healing. 

Wines. Solutions of drugs in 
white wine. 

Zomotherapy. The treatment of 
tuberculous patients with large quan- 
tities of raw meat and expressed meat- 
juice. 



NDEX 



Absorption of medicines, 18 
Acacia, 36 
Acetanilid, 36 
Acetic acid, 37 

dilute, dose of, 37 
Acids, 37 

acetic, 37 

arsenous, 37 

benzoic, 73 

boric, 41 

camphoric, 41 

carbolic, 42 

chromic, 43 

cinnamic, 43 

citric, 44 

gallic, 44 

hydriodic, dilute, 44 

hydrobromic, dilute, 44 

hydrochloric, 45 

hydrocyanic, 45 

lactic, 46 

nitric, 47 

nitrohydrochloric, 47 

oleic, 48 

oxalic, 48 

phosphoric, 49 

picric, 49 

prussic, 45 

pyrogallic, 199 

salicylic, 49 

sulphuric, 50 

sulphurous, 51 

tannic, 51 

tartaric, 52 
Aconite, 52 

extract of, 53 

fluid extract of, 54 

liniment of, 54 

poisoning and treatment, 53 

tincture of, 54 



Aconitin, 53 

Adeps lanse hydrosus, 152 

Adonidin, 54 

Adrenalin, 54 

Agaricin, 55 

Albumin, egg-, 1 13 

Alcohol, 55 

as stimulant, 55 

poisoning and treatment, 56 
Allium, 126 
Almonds, 57 

doses of, 57 

bitter, oil of, 57 
spirit of, 57 
syrup of, 57 
water of, 57 

preparations of, 57 

sweet, emulsion of, 57 
expressed oil of, 57 
syrup of, 57 
Aloes, 57 

Barbadoes, 57 

enema of, 58 

extract of, 58 

Socotrine, 58 

tincture of, 58 
and myrrh, 58 

wine of, 58 
Aloin, 58 
Alteratives, 21 
Althea, 58 
Alum, 58 

dried, 58 
Ammonia, 58 

aromatic spirit of, 59 

poisoning and treatment, 59 

spirit of, 59 

water of, 59 
Ammoniac, 59 

emulsion of, 60 

283 



284 



INDEX. 



Ammonium acetate, 60 

bromid, 60 

carbonate, 60 

chlorid, 60 

iodid, 61 

valerianate, 61, 229 
Amyl nitrite, 61 
dose of, 62 
inhalation of, 62 
physiologic action of, 61 
poisoning and treatment, 62 
Amylum, 216 
Analgesics, 22 
Anemonin, 198 
Anesthetics, 22 
Anise, 62 
Anodynes, 23 
Antacids, 22 
Anthelmintics, 23 
Anthemis, 90 
Antidotes to be used in poisoning, 

238-241 
Antiemetics, 30 
Antihydrotics, 24 
Antimony, 63 

and potassium tartrate, 63 

poisoning and treatment, 64 

wine of, 64 
Antiperiodics, 23 
Antiphlogistics, 25 
Antipneumococcic serum, 67 
Antipyretics, 24 
Antipyrin, 64 

action of, 64 

dose of, 65 

salicylate, 65 
Antiseptics, 24 
Antisialics, 24 
Antispasmodics, 25 
Antistreptococcus serum, 67 
Antitoxins, 65 

antipneumococcic serum, 67 

antistreptococcus serum, 67 

of diphtheria, 66 

of tetanus, 67 
Antizymotics, 24, 29 
Apiol, 67 
Apocynum, 68 

Apomorphin hydrochlorate, , 68 
Arbutin, 69, 229 
Argyrol, 211 



Aristol, 69 
Arnica flowers, 69 

preparations of, 69 

root, extract of, 69 
fluid extract of, 69 
tincture of, 69 
Arsenate of sodium, 39 
Arsenic, 39 

acute poisoning, treatment of, 38 

and mercuric iodid, solution of, 39 

bromid, solution of, 39 

dosage chart, 40 

iodid, 39 
Arsenite of copper, 107 
Arsenous acid, 37 

solution of, 39 
Asafetida, 70 

emulsion, 70 

enema of, 70 

plaster of, 70 

tincture of, 70 
Asclepias, 70 

fluid extract of, 70 

infusion of, 70 
Aspidium, 70 

Aspirin, 7 1 ' 

Astringents, 25 
Atropin sulphate, 73 

Balsam of copaiba, 105 

of Peru, 71 

of tolu, 71 

Turlington's (Friar's), 227 
Barbadoes aloes, 57 
Basham's mixture, 145 
Belladonna, 71 

action of, 72 

fluid extract of, 73 

liniment, 73 

ointment, 73 

plaster, 73 

poisoning and treatment, 72 

tincture of, 73 

uses of, 72 
Benzoate of ammonium, 74 

of lithium, 74 

of sodium, 74 
Benzoic acid, 73 
Benzoin, 73 

action of, 73 

compound tincture of, 74 



INDEX. 



285 



Benzoin, tincture of, 74 
Benzonaphtol, 172 
Beta-naphtol, 171 
Betanaphtol bismuth, 172 
Betol, 74 
Bismuth, 74 

action of insoluble salts, 74 

and ammonium citrate, 76 

betanaphtol, 172 

oxid, 75 

salicylate, 75 

subcarbonate, 75 

subgallate, 75 

subiodid, 76 

subnitrate, 75 
Black wash, 166 
Blaud's pills, 144 
Blue flag, 143 
Blue-mass, 164 
Borax, 76 
Boric acid, 41 
Bray era, Iio 
Bromid, ammonium, 76 

calcium, 77 

lithium, 77 

potassium, 76 

sodium, 77 

strontium, 77 
Bromids, 76 
Bromin, 78 
Bromipin, 77 
Bromoform, 77 

dose of, 78 

poisoning and treatment, 78 
Broom, 208 
Brown mixture, 156 
Brucin, 78 
Bryonia, 78 

tincture of, 79 
Buchu, 79 

fluid extract of, 79 

infusion of, 79 
Butyl-chloral hydrate, 79 

Cacao-butter, 79 
Cactus glandiflorus, 79 

fluid extract of, 79 

tincture of, 79 
Caffea, 80 
CafTein, 80 

benzoate of sodium and, 80 



Caffein, citrated, 80 

effervescent citrated, 80 
Calabar bean, 187 
Calamus, 81 

fluid extract of, 8l 

infusion of, 8 1 
Calcium, 81 

carbonate, 81 
precipitated, 81 

chlorid, 81 

hypophosphite, 82 

oxid, 82 

phosphate, 82 
Calomel, 166 
Calumba, 83 

fluid extract of, 83 

tincture of, 84 
Camphor, 84 

action, 84 

cerate, 84 

liniment, 84 

monobromated, 84 

spirit of, 84 

uses, 84 

water, 84 
Camphoric acid, 41 
Canadian hemp, 68 
Cane-sugar, 218 
Cannabis indica, 85 
tincture of, 85 
Cantharis, 85 

cerate of, 85 

extract of, 85 

fluid extract of, 85 

poisoning and treatment, 86 

tincture of, 85 

warming plaster of, 86 
Caraway, oil of, 88 
Capsicum, 86 

fluid extract of, 87 

oleoresin of, 87 

plaster, 87 

tincture of, 87 

Carbolic acid, 42 

dose, 42 

poisoning by, symptoms, 42 
treatment of, 43 
Cardamon, 87 

aromatic powder of, 87 

compound tincture of t 87 

tincture of, 87 



286 



INDEX. 



Cardiac sedatives, 25 

stimulants, 26 
Carminatives, 26 
Caroid, 183 
Carron oil,, 83 
Carum, 87 
Cascara sagrada, 88 
extract of, 88 
fluid extract of, 88 
Cascarilla, 88 

extract of, %?> 

fluid extract of, 88 

infusion of, 88 

tincture of, 88 
Castor oil, Z% 
Catechu, 89 

compound tincture of, 89 

troches of, 89 
Cathartics, 26 
Cerate of cantharides, 85 
Cerebral depression, 27 

stimulants, 27 
Cerium oxalate, 89 
Cetaceum, 215 
Cetraria, 89 
Chalk, compound powder, 8 1 

mixture, 81 

prepared, 81 
Chamomile, 90 

extract of, 90 

fluid extract of, 90 

infusion of, 90 

oil of, 90 
Charcoal, 90 

poultice of, 90 
Chenopodium, 91 

oil of, 91 
Chimaphila, 91 

fluid extract of, 9 1 
CLtiretta, 91 

fluid extract of, 91 

tincture of, 91 
Chloral, 91 

as hypnotic, 9 1 

camphor, 93 

poisoning and treatment, 92 
Chloralamid, 92 
Chloralose, 93 
Chlorate of potassium, 94 

poisoning, symptoms of, 94 
treatment of, 94 



Chlorin, 93 

water, 93 
Chloroform, 94 

as general anesthetic, 94 

emulsion of, 95 

poultice, 95 

spirit of, 95 

troches of, 94 

water, 95 

poisoning, symptoms of, 95 
treatment of, 95 
Cholagogues, 27 
Chromic acid, 43 
Chrysarobin, 96 
Cimicifuga, 96 

extract of, 96 

fluid extract of, 97 

tincture of, 97 
Cinchona, 97 

action of, 97 

compound tincture of, 99 

extract of, 99 

fluid extract of, 99 

tincture of, 99 
Cinchonin, 99 
Cinnamic acid, 43 
Cinnamon, 99 

aromatic fluid extract, loo 
powder of, 99 

oil of, 99 

spirit of, 99 

tincture of, 99 

water, 99 
Citric acid, 44 
Cloves, 100 

action of, 1 00 

infusion of, 1 00 

oil of, 100 

uses of, 100 
Coca, action of, 100 

fluid extract of, 101 
Cocain, 100 

habit, 102 

hydrochlorate, 101 

poisoning and treatment, ioi 
Codein, 102 

phosphate, 180 

sulphate, 180 
Cod-liver oil, 102 
Colchicin, 103 
Colchicum, 103 



INDEX. 



287 



Colchicum, poisoning and treatment, 
103 

root, extract of, 103 
fluid extract of, 103 
wine of, 103 

seed, 103 

fluid extract of, 103 
wine of, 103 
Cold cream, 202 
Collodion, action of, 103 

cantharidal, 85, 104 

flexible, 104 

styptic, 51, 104 
Colocynth, 104 

compound extract, 104, 208 

extract of, 104 
Columbo, 83 

fluid extract of, S^ 

tincture of, 84 
Condy's fluid, 196 
Conium, action of, 105 

dose of, 105 

extract of, 105 

fluid extract of, 105 

hydrobromate, 105 

treatment of poisoning by, 105 
Convallaria, 105 
Copaiba, 105 

mass of, 106 

oil of, 106 

resin of, 106 
Copper, action of, 106 

arsenite of, 107 

poisoning, symptoms of, 106 
treatment of, 106 

sulphate of, 106 
Corn-silk, 107 

fluid extract of, 107 

infusion of, 107 
Corrosive sublimate, 1 65 
Cotton-root bark, 107 

fluid extract of, 1 07 
Counterirritants, 27 
Cream of tartar whey, 194 
Creasote, action of, 108 

carbonate, 108 

inhalation of, 108 

ointment, 108 

water, 108 
Credo's ointment, 107 
Creolin, 1 07 



Croton chloral, 109 

oil, 108 

dose of, 109 

poisoning and treatment, 109 
Cubebs, 109 

fluid extract of, HO 

oil of, 109 

oleoresin of, 109 

tincture of, no 

troches of, no 
Cusso, action of, 1 10 

fluid extract of, HO 

infusion of, 1 10 

Daturin, 217 
Deadly nightshade, 7 1 
Deliriants, 28 
Demulcents, 28, 243 
Depressants, cerebral, 27 

uterine, 35 
Deodorants, 29 
Dermatol, 75 
Dialyzed iron, 147 
Diaphoretics, 29 
Diastase, 1 10 
Digestives, 28 
Digitalin, 1 12 
Digitalis, no 

extract of, 112 

fluid extract of, 112 

infusion of, 1 12 

physiologic action of, III 

poisoning, symptoms of, in 
treatment of, III 

powdered leaves, 112 

tincture of, 1 12 
Digi toxin, 112 
Dionin, 1 13 
Disinfectants, 24, 29 
Diuretics, 29 
Diuretin, 113 
Dobell's solution, 113 
Donovan's solution, 39 
Dosage, 20 
Dover's powder, 179 
Drastics, 27 

Drugs, administration of, method of, 
20 

alteratives, 21 

analgesics, 23 

anesthetics, general and local, 22 



288 



INDEX. 



Drugs, anodynes, local and general, 

23 
antacids, direct and remote, 22 
anthelmintics, 23 

antiemetics, peripheral and cen- 
tral, 30 
antihydrotics, 24 
antiperiodics, 23 
antiphlogistics, 25 
antipyretics, 24 
antiseptics, 24 
antisialics, 24 
antispasmodics, 25 
astringents, 25 
cardiac sedatives, 25 
cardiac stimulants, 26 
carminatives, 26 
cathartics, 26 

cholagogues, 27 

drastics, 27 

hydragogues, 27 

laxatives, 26 

purgatives, 26 
cerebral depressants, 27 
cerebral stimulants, 27 
classification of, 2 1 -35 
combinations of, 20 
counterirritants, 27 

epipastics, 28 

rubefacients, 28 

vesicants, 28 
cumulative action of, 19 
deliriants, 28 
demulcents, 28 
deodorants, 29 
diaphoretics, 29 
digestives, 28 
disinfectants, 29 
diuretics, stimulant and refrigerant, 

29 
dosage of, 20 
duration of action, 19 
emetics, peripheral and central, 30 
emmenagogues, indirect and di- 
rect, 31 
escharotics, 28 
expectorants, nauseating and 

stimulant, 31 
febrifuges, 32 
germicides, 29 
habit and toleration, 21 



Drugs, hemostatics, 32 

hypnotics, 32 

mydriatics, 32 

myotics, 32 

narcotics, 33 

nerve sedatives, 33 

nerve stimulants, 33 

oxytocics, 33 

pulmonary sedatives, 34 

refrigerants, 33 

respiratory sedatives, 33 

respiratory stimulants, 34 

styptics, 32 

toleration and habit, 21 

tonics, stomachic or gastric, 34 

uterine depressants, 35 

vesical sedatives, 35 
Duboisin sulphate, 1 13 

Egg, yolk of, 114 
Egg-albumin, 113 
Elaterin, 1 14 

trituration of, 114 ' 
Elaterium, 114 
Emetics to be used in poisoning, 30, 

241, 242 
Emetin, 143 
Emmenagogues, 31 
Endermic medication, 18 
Enema, glycerin, 129 
Epipastics, 28 
Epsom salt, 160 
Ergot, 114 

extract of, 1 15 

fluid extract of, 115 

liquid extract of, 1 16 

physiologic action of, 115 

tincture of, 1 16 

wine of, 1 15 
Ergotin, Bonjean's, 116 
Erigeron, 116 
Eriodictyon, 1 16 
Erythroxylon, IOO 
Escharotics, 28 
Eserin, 188 
Ether, 1 16 

action of, 117 

administration of, I17-II9 

compound spirit of, 1 19 

hydrobromic, 119 

spirit of, 119 



INDEX. 



289 



Ethyl bromid, 119 

physiologic action of, 120 

chlorid, action of, 120 

iodid, action of, 120 
Eucain, action of, 121 
Eucalyptol, 121 
Eucalyptus, 121 

fluid extract of, 121 

oil of, 121 
Euonymin, 122 
Euonymus, 122 

extract of, 122 
Eupatorium, 122 

decoction of, 122 

fluid extract of, 122 

infusion of, 122 
Euquinin, 99 
Europhen, 122 
Exalgin, 123 
Expectorants, 31 
Extracts, 53-233 

aconite, 53 
fluid, 54 

aloes, 58 

apocynum, fluid, 68 

arnica root, 69 
fluid, 69 

asclepias, fluid, 69 

belladonna, 73 
fluid, 73 

buchu, fluid, 79 

cactus, fluid, 79 

calamus, fluid, 81 

calumba, fluid, 83 

cannabis, 85 
fluid, 85 

capsicum, fluid, 86 

cascara, 88 
fluid, 88 

cascarilla, 88 
fluid, 88 

chamomile, 90 
fluid, 90 

chimaphila, fluid, 91 

chiretta, fluid, 91 

cimicifuga, 96 
fluid, 97 

cinchona, 99 
fluid, 99 

cinnamon, aromatic fluid, 100 

coca, fluid, 101 

19 



Extracts, colchicum, 103 

fluid, 103 
colocynth, 104 

compound, 104, 208 
conium, 105 

fluid, 105 
convallaria, fluid, 105 
corn-silk, fluid, 107 
cotton-root bark, fluid, 107 
cubeb, fluid, no 
cusso, fluid, no 
digitalis, 112 

fluid, 112 
ergot, 115 

fluid, 115 

liquid, 116 
eriodictyon, fluid, 116 
eucalyptus, fluid, 121 
euonymus, 122 
eupatorium, fluid, 122 
gelsemium, fluid, 126 
gentian, 127 

fluid, 127 
geranium, fluid, 128 
ginger, fluid, 128 
grindelia, fluid, 131 
guarana, fluid, 132 
hamamelis, distilled fluid, 133 
hematoxylon, 159 

fluid, 159 
hydrastis, fluid, 135 
hyoscyamus, 137 

fluid, 137 
ipecac, fluid, 142 
iris, 143 

fluid, 143 
jalap, alcoholic, 148 
jambul, fluid, 148 
krameria, 150 

fluid, 150 
leptandra, 155 
. fluid, 155 
licorice, 155 
fluid, 156 
pure, 156 
lobelia, fluid, 158 
lupulin, fluid, 134 
malt, 161 
matico, fluid, 162 
nux vomica, 176 
fluid, 176 



290 



INDEX. 



Extracts, opium, 179 
orange, bitter, fluid, 181 
pareira, fluid, 184 
physostigma, 188 
Phytolacca, fluid, 189 
pilocarpus, fluid, 191 
podophyllum, 192 

fluid, 192 
Pulsatilla, 198 

fluid, 198 
quassia, 200 

fluid, 200 
rhubarb, 201 

fluid, 201 
rhus glabra, fluid, 221 
sanguinaria, fluid, 206 
sarsaparilla, fluid, 207 

compound, 207 
savin, fluid, 207 
scoparius, fluid, 208 
senecio, fluid, 209 
senna, fluid, 209 
serpentaria, fluid, 210 
spigelia, fluid, 215 
squill, fluid, 216 
stramonium, 217 

fluid, 217 
sumbul, 222 
taraxacum, 223 

fluid, 224 
triticum, fluid, 226 
uva ursi, 229 

fluid, 229 
valerian, fluid, 229 
veratrum viride, fluid, 230 
viburnum, fluid, 231 
wild cherry, fluid, 233 

Febrifuges, 24 
Fennel, 123 

infusion of, 123 

oil of, 123 

water of, 123 
Ferrum, 144-147. See also Iron. 
Figs, action of, 123 
Filix-mas, 70 
Flax-seed tea, 124 

uses of, 123 
Formaldehyd, 124 
Formalin, 124 

as disinfectant, 124, 125 



Fowler's solution, 39 
Friar's balsam, 74 
Fruit-sugar, 218 

Gallic acid, 44, 125 

Gamboge, 125 

Garlic, 126 

Gas, nitrous oxid, 173 

Gaultheria, action of, 1 26 

oil of, 126 
Gelsemin, 126 
Gelsemium, 126 

fluid extract of, 126 

poisoning and treatment, 127 

tincture of, 126 
Gentian, 127 

compound infusion of, 127 

compound tincture of, 127 

extract of, 127 

fluid extract of, 127 
Geranium, 127 

decoction of, 128 

fluid extract of, 128 
Germicides, 24, 29 
Gin, 56 
Ginger, 128 

fluid extract of, 128 

oleoresin of, 128 

syrup of, 128 

tincture of, 128 

troches of, 128 
Glauber's salt, 214 
Glonoin, 172 

spirit of, 173 
Glycerin, 128 

action of, 128 

enema, 129 

suppositories, 129 

uses of, 128 
Glycerite of boroglycerin, 129 

of carbolic acid, 129 

of starch, 129 

of tannic acid, 1 29 

of yolk of egg, 130 
Glycyrrhiza, 155 
Glycyrrhizin, ammoniated, 156 
Gold, 130 

and potassium bromid, 130 

and sodium chlorid, 130 

bromid, 130 

chlorid, 130 



INDEX. 



29I 



Gossypium, 107 
Goulard's extract, 153 
Granatum, 192 
Grape-sugar, 218 
Gray powder, 165 
Gregory's powder, 197 
Grindelia, action of, 130 

dose of, 131 
Guaiac, 131 

ammoniated tincture of, 131 

resin, 131 

tincture of, 131 

troches of, 131 
Guaiacol, 13 1 

benzoate, 132 

carbonate, 132 

thiocol, 132 
Guarana, 132 

tincture of, 32 
Gum arabic (acacia), 36 

Hamamelis, 132 

distilled extract of, 134 

fluid extract of, 1 33 
Hemp, Canadian, 68 
Hellebore, American, 230 
Hematoxylon, 158 

extract of, 159 
Hemostatics, 32 
Henbane, 136 
Heroin, 133 

hydrochlorid, 180 
Hoffmann's anodyne, 133 
Homatropin hydrobromate, 133 

dose of, 134 
Honey, 134 

clarified, 134 

of rose, 134 
Hops, 134 

action of, 1 34 

tincture of, 134 

uses of, 134 
Horse-nettle, 135 
Huxham's tincture, 99 
Hydragogues, 27 
Hydrargyrum, 162 
Hydrastin, 135 

Hydrastinin hydrochlorate, 135 
Hydrastis, action of, 1 35 

fluid extract, 135 

glycerite of, 135 



Hydrastis, tincture of, 135 
Hydriodic acid, 44 
Hydrobromic acid, 44 

dilute, 77 
Hydrochloric acid, 45 

poisoning and treatment, 45 
Hydrocyanic acid, 45 

poisoning, symptoms of, 46 
treatment of, 46 
Hydrogen peroxid, 135 

action and effects, 136 
Hyoscin hydrobromate, 137 
Hyoscyamus, 136 

extract of, 137 

fluid extract of, 137 

poisoning, symptoms of, 1 37 

tincture of, 137 
Hypodermic administration, 13 
Hypnotics, 32 
Hypophosphites, syrup of, 82 

ICHTHALBIN, 1 37 
Ichthargan, 138 
Ichthoform, 138 
Ichthyol, 137 

action and administration, 137 
Inhalations, dry and moist, 1 7 
Injection, intravenous, 15 

subcutaneous, 13 
Inula, 138 
Inunction, 15 

mercurial, 15 

order of application, 1 6 
Iodids, 138 

ammonium, 139 

lead, 139 

potassium, 138 

sodium, 139 

strontium, 139 
Iodin, 139 

acute poisoning by, treatment of 
140 

Churchill's tincture, 140 

compound solution of, 140 

ointment of, 140 

tincture of, 140 
Iodipin, 140 
Iodoform, 141 

dose of, 141 

ointment, 141 

suppositories, 141 



292 



INDEX. 



Iodoform, toxic effects of, 141 
Iodol, 141 
Iodothyrin, 142 
Ipecac, 142 
as emetic, 142 
fluid extract of, 142 
powdered, 143 
syrup of, 142 
tincture of, 142 
troches of, 143 

of morphin and, 143 
wine of, 143 
Iris, dose of, 143 
extract of, 143 
fluid extract of, 143 
Iron, 144-147 

acetate, solution of, 147 

albuminate, 147 

and ammonium acetate, solution 

of, 145 
and ammonium citrate, 146 
and ammonium sulphate, 146 
and ammonium tartrate, 146 
and potassium tartrate, 146 
and quinin citrate, 146 
and strychnin citrate, 146 
bitter wine of, 147 
carbonate, mass of, 144 

pills of, 144 

saccharated, 144 
chlorid, 145 

solution of, 145 

tincture of, 1 45 
citrate, 146 

solution of, 147 

wine of, 147 
compound mixture, 144 
dialyzed, 147 
hydrate, 145 

with magnesia, 145 
hypophosphite, 147 
iodid, pills of, 146 

saccharated, 146 

syrup of, 146 
lactate, 147 

nitrate, solution of, 147 
oxalate, 147 
peptonate, 147 
phosphate, soluble, 146 
pyrophosphate, soluble, 146 
reduced, 144 



Iron salicylate, 147 

subsulphate, solution of, 146 

sulphate, 145 

syrup of, quinin and strychnin 

phosphates, 147 
tincture of, 149 
valerianate, 147, 229 

Jaborandi, 190 
Jalap, 148 

alcoholic extract of, 148 
compound powder, 148 
resin of, 148 
Jambul, 148 
dose of, 148 
fluid extract of, 148 
powdered seeds, 148 
James's powder, 197 
Jamestown weed, 217 
Juniper berries, 148 

compound spirit of, 149 
infusion of, 149 
oil of, 149 
spirit of, 149 

Kamala, 149 
Kino, 149 

infusion of, 149 
Koumiss, 149 
Kousso, no 
Krameria, 150 

decoction of, 15 1 

extract of, 150 

fluid extract of, 150 

syrup of, 150 

tincture of, 150 

troches of, 151 

Labarraqtje's solution, 93 
Lactic acid, 46 
Lactophenin, 151 
Lactose, 15 1 
Lactucarium, 15 1 

syrup of, 151 

tincture of, 15 1 
Lamellse atropinse, 15 1 

cocainse, 15 1 

physostigminse, 1 52 
Lanolin, 152 
Laudanum, 179 
Lavender, 152 



INDEX. 



293 



Lavender, compound tincture of, 152 

oil of, 152 

spirit of, 152 
Laxatives, 26 
Lead, 152 

acetate, 153 

iodid, 154 

nitrate, 154 

plaster, 154 

poisoning, acute, 152 
chronic, 153 

subacetate, 153 
cerate of, 154 
dilute solution of, 153 
Lemon, local and internal use of, 

154 

essence of, 155 

oil of, 155 
Lemon-juice, 155 
Leptandra, 155 

extract of, 155 

fluid extract of, 155 
Levulose, 155 
Licorice, action of, 155 

extract of, 155 
pure, 156 

fluid extract of, 156 

powder, compound, 156, 197, 210 

troches of opium and, 156 

uses of, 155 
Lime, 156 

chlorinated, 83 

sulphurated, 83, 221 
Lime-water, 82 
Liniment, aconite, 54 

ammonia, 156 

belladonna, 156 

camphor, 84, 157 

chloroform, 95, 1 57 

lime, 156 

mustard, compound, 157, 171 

opium, 180 

soap, 84, 157 
Linseed, 124 
Lithium, 157 

benzoate, 157 

bromid, 77, 157 

carbonate, 157 

citrate, 157 

effervescent, 157 

salicylate, 1 57 



Lobelia, 158 

fluid extract of, 158 

infusion of, 158 

poisoning and treatment, 158 

tincture of, 158 
Lobelin, 158 

sulphate, dose of, 158 
Logwood, 158 

dose of, 159 
Lotophan, 159 
Lugol's solution, 140 
Lupulin, 134 

fluid extract of, 134 

oleoresin of, 135 
Lycopodium, 159 
Lysol, 159 

Magendie's solution, 180 
Magnesium, 159 

carbonate, 160 

citrate, effervescent, 16 1 
solution of, 160 

oxid, 160 

sulphate, 160 
Male fern, 70 
Malt, action of, 161 

extract of, 161 
Manganese, 161 

dioxid, 161 
Manna, 161 
Matico, 162 

fluid extract of, 1 62 

tincture of, 162 
Mel, 134 
Menthol, 162 
Mercurial ointment, 165 

ptyalism, treatment of, 163 
Mercurol, 168 
Mercury, 162 

administration of, 164 

ammoniated, 167 

benzoate of, 168 

biniodid of, 166 

cyanid of, 167 

nitrate of, 167 

oxid of, 166 

poisoning, 163 

acute, treatment, 163 

protiodid of, 166 

salicylate of, 167 

with chalk, 164 



2 9 4 


INDEX. 


Mercury, yellow sulphate 


of, 167 


Nitrohydrochloric acid poisoning, 


Methyl chlorid, 168 




treatment of, 48 


salicylate, 1 68 




Nitrous oxid gas, 173 


Methyl- ace tanilid, 123 




Norwood's tincture of veratrum 


Methyl-blue, 168 




viride, 231 


Methylene-blue, 169 




Nuclein, 173 


Mineral waters, 243-245 




Nut-gall, 173 


alkaline, 243 




ointment of, 174 


arsenical, 245 




tincture of, 174 


calcareous, 245 




Nutmeg, 174 


carbonic acid, 243 




aromatic powder, 174 


chalybeate, 244 




essence of, 174 


purgative, 244 




oil of, 174 


saline, 244 




Nux vomica, 174 


sulphuretted, 244 




action of, 174 


Monsel's solution, 146 




extract of, 1 76 


Morphin, 180 




fluid extract of, 176 


acetate, 180 




poisoning and treatment, 175 


hydrochlorate, 180 




tincture of, 176 


sulphate, 180 




uses of, 174 


troches of ipecac and, 


180 




Musk, 169 




Oil, almond, 57 


tincture of, 169 




caraway, 88 


Mustard, 169 




carron, 83 


fomentation, 170 




chamomile, 90 


liniment, compound, 1; 


?i 


chenopodium, 91 


paper, 169 




cinnamon, 99 


plaster, 170 




cloves, 100 


poultice, 170 




copaiba, 106 


volatile oil of, 1 71 




croton, 108 


Mydriatics, 32 




cubeb, 109 


Myotics, 32 




eucalyptus, 121 


Myrrh, 17 1 




fennel, 123 


tincture of aloes and, I 


71 


gaultheria, 126 
juniper, 149 


Naphthalin, 171 




lavender, 152 


Narcotics, 33 




lemon, 155 


Nerve sedatives, 33 




mustard, volatile, 171 


stimulants, 33 




nutmeg, 174 


Neutral mixture, 172 




olive, 176 


Nitrate of silver, 210 




orange, 181 


Nitric acid, 47 




flowers, 181 


poisoning, symptoms 


of, 47 


pennyroyal, 184 


treatment of, 47 




phosphorated, 187 


Nitrite of amyl, 61. See also Amy I 


rose, 202 


nitrite. 




sandalwood, 206 


Nitroglycerin, action of, 1 


72 


savin, 207 


Nitrohydrochloric acid, 45 


r 


spearmint, 215 


fomentations of, 47 




tansy, 223 


for sponging or bath, 


47 


tar, 223 


poisoning, symptoms 


of, 48 


theobroma, 79 



INDEX. 



2 9 5 



Oil, turpentine, 227 
Ointment, belladonna, 73 

creasote, 108 

Crede's, 107 

iodin, 140 

iodoform, 141 

mercurial, 165 

nut-gall, 174 

stramonium, 217 

sulphur, 221 

tannic acid, 5 1 

tar, 223 

veratrin, 230 

zinc, 234 
Oleic acid, 48 
Oleoresin, 71 

of capsicum, 87 

of cubeb, 109 

of ginger, 128 
Opium, action of, 176 

after-effects of, 177 

camphorated tincture of, 84 

deodorized tincture of, 179 

enema, 180 

extract of, 179 

liniment, 180 

plaster, 180 

powdered, 179 

tincture of ipecac and, 179 

troches of, 179 

uses of, 176 

wine of, 179 
Orange, 180 

flowers, oil of, 181 
syrup of, 181 
water of, 181 

fluid extract, bitter, 181 

oil of, 181 

peel, bitter, 181 

spirit of, 181 
compound, 1 81 

syrup of, 181 

tincture of bitter, 181 

tincture of sweet, 181 
Orexin, 181 
Orphol, 172 
Orthoform, 182 
Oxalic acid, 48, 182 

poisoning and treatment, 48 
Ox-gall, 182 
Oxid of zinc, 234 



Oxymel, 134 
Oxytocics, 33 

Pancreatin, 182 
Papayotin, 183 
Paraldehyd, 183 
Paregoric, 179 
Pareira, 183 

fluid extract, dose of, 1 84 
Pelletierin, 192 

tannate, 193 

Tauret's, 193 
Pennyroyal, 184 

infusion of, 184 

oil of, 184 
Pepo, 184 
Peppermint, 184 

essence of, 184 

oil of, 184 

troches of, 184 

water, 184 
Pepsin, 185 

saccharated, dose of, 185 
Peruvian balsam, 71 
Petrolatum, 185 

hard, 1 85 

liquid, 185 

soft, 185 
Phenacetin, 185 

poisoning and treatment, 186 
Phenazon (antipyrin), 64 
Phenocoll hydrochlorid, 186 
Phenol, 42 

Phosphorated oil, 187 
Phosphoric acid, dilute, 49 
Phosphorus, 186 

elixir of, 187 

pills of, 187 

poisoning and treatment, 187 

spirit of, 187 
Physostigma, 187 

extract of, 188 

poisoning and treatment, 1 88 

salicylate, 188 

sulphate, 188 

tincture of, 188 
Phytolacca, 189 

fluid extract of root, 189 
Picric acid, 49 
Picrotoxin, 189 
Pills, aloes and myrrh, 171 



296 



INDEX. 



Pills, asafetida, 70 

Blaud's, 189 

blue, 189 

cathartic, compound, 104, 189 
vegetable, 104, 190 

colocynth, 104 

Lady Webster's dinner, 190 

myrrh and aloes, 171 

of iron carbonate, 144 

of iron iodid, 146 

of phosphorus, 187 

Plummer's, 190 

rhubarb, 202 
Pilocarpin hydrochl orate, 191 

nitrate, 191 
Pilocarpus, 190 

fluid extract of, 191 

infusion of, 19 1 

poisoning and treatment, 191 
Pinkroot, 215 
Piperazin, 192 
Pix liquida, 223 
Plaster, ammoniac and mercury, 60 

asafetida, 70 

belladonna, 73 

capsicum, 87 

mustard, 170 

opium, 180 

resin, 201 

warming (pitch and cantharides), 
86 
Plumbum, 152. See also Lead. 
Podophyllum, 192 

extract of, 192 

fluid extract of, 1 92 

resin of, 192 
Poison, defined, 235 

emergencies, 235 
Poisoning, emetics in, administration 
of, 237, 238 

emetics to be used, 241, 242 
Poisons and their antidotes, 238-241 

classification and action of, 235, 
236 
Pomegranate, 192 

decoction of, 192 
Potassa, sulphurated, 221 
Potassium acetate, 193 

and sodium tartrate, 196 

arsenate, solution of, 39 

arsenite, 39 



Potassium bicarbonate, 194 

bromid, 76 

carbonate, 194 

chlorate, 194 
poisoning, 195 
troches of, 195 

citrate, 195 

effervescent, 195 
solution of, 195 

cyanid, 195 

poisoning and treatment, 195 

hydrate, 193 

poisoning and treatment, 193 
solution of, dose, 193 

iodid, 138 

nitrate, 195 

permanganate, 161, 196 
Poultice, charcoal, 90 

chloroform, 95 

mustard, 170 
Powder, aromatic, 197 

compound chalk, 197 

compound jalap, 197 

compound licorice, 156, 197, 2IO 

compound rhubarb, 202 

Dover's, 197 

Gregory's, 197 

James's, 197 

Seidlitz, 198 

Tully's, 198 
Precipitated calcium carbonate, 81 
Prepared chalk, 81 
Protargol, 21 1 
Prussic acid, 45 

Ptyalism, mercurial, treatment of, 163 
Pulmonary sedatives, 34 
Pulsatilla, 198 

extract of, 198 

fluid extract of, 198 
Pumpkin-seed, 184 
Purgatives, 26 
Pyrethrum, 198 

tincture of, 199 
Pyridin, 199 
Pyrogallic acid, 199 
Pyrogallol, 199 

Quassia, 200 
extract of, 200 
fluid extract of, 200 
infusion of, 200 



INDEX. 



297 



Quassia, tincture of, 200 
Quassin, 200 
Quinin, 97, 98 

antipyretic effect of, 97 

bisulphate, 98 

hydrobromate, 98 

hydro chlorate, 98 

sulphate, 98 

tannate, 98 

valerianate, 98, 229 

Refrigerants, 33 

Remedies, local, four classes of, 

Resin, 200 

cerate, 200 

plaster, 201 
Resorcin, 201 
Respiratory sedatives, 33 

stimulants, 34 
Rhamnus Purshiana, 88 
Rheum, 201 
Rhubarb, 201 

and soda, mixture of, 212 

aromatic syrup of, 201 
tincture of, 202 

extract of, 201 

fluid extract of, 201 

pills of, 202 

powder, compound, 2C2 

syrup of, 201 

tincture of, 202 
sweet, 202 
Rhus glabra, 221 

fluid extract of, 222 
Rochelle salt, 194 
Rose, 202 

confection of, 202 

fluid extract of, 202 

honey of, 202 

oil of, 202 

syrup of, 202 
Rosemary, 203 
Rubefacients, 28 

Saccharin, 203 
Saccharum, 218 
Sage, 203 
Salicin, 203 
Salicylates, 204 

ammonium, 204 

bismuth, 204 



Salicylates, lithium, 204 

methyl, 204 

sodium, 205 

strontium, 205 
Salicylic acid, 49 

intolerance, symptoms of, 50 
Salipyrin, 205 
Salol, 205 
Salophen, 205 

Saltpeter (potassium nitrate), 195 
Sandalwood, 206 
Sanguinaria, 206 

fluid extract of, 206 

tincture of, 206 
Santonin, 206 
Sarsaparilla, 207 

compound decoction, 207 
fluid extract of, 207 
syrup of, 207 

fluid extract of, 207 
Savin, 207 

fluid extract of, 207 

oil of, 207 
Scammony, 207 

resin of, 208 
Scoparin, 208 
Scoparius, 208 

decoction of, 208 

fluid extract of, 208 
Scopolamin, 208 
Sedatives, cardiac, 25 

nerve, ^Z 

pulmonary, 34 

respiratory, 33 

vesical, 35 
Seidlitz powder, 198 
Senecio, 209 

fluid extract of, 209 

tincture of, 209 
Senega, 209 

fluid extract of, 209 

syrup of, 209 
Senna, 209 

compound infusion of, 209 

confection of, 210 

fluid extract of, 210 

syrup of, 209 
Serpentaria, 210 

fluid extract of, 209 

tincture of, 210 
Serum, antipneumococcic, 67 



298 



INDEX. 



Serum, antistreptococcic, 67 
Silver, 210 

colloidal, 212 

lunar caustic, 21 1 

mitigated caustic, 21 1 

nitrate, 210 

poisoning and treatment, 211 

soluble, 212 
Sinapis, 169 
Socotrine aloes, 58 
Soda, chlorinated, 93 

rhubarb and, mixture of, 212 
Sodium arsenate (arsenous acid), 37 

benzoate, 74 

bicarbonate, 212 
troches of, 212 

borate, 41 

bromid, 77 

carbonate, 212 

chlorid, aqueous solution of, 213 

hydrate, poisoning and treatment 
of, 213 

iodid, 139 

phosphate, 214 

sulphate, 214 

salicylate, 205 

sulphocarbolate of, 43 
Sozoiodol, 214 
Spartein, 214 

sulphate, 208 
Spearmint, 215 

oil of, 215 

water, 215 
Spermaceti, 215 
Spigelia, 215 

Spirit of nitrous ether, 215 
Squill, 215 

compound syrup of, 216 

fluid extract of, 216 

powdered, 216 

syrup of, 216 

tincture of, 216 
Starch, 216 

enema of, 216 

poultice of, 216 
Stimulants, cardiac, 26 

cerebral, 27 

nerve, 33 

respiratory, 34 
Stramonium, 217 

extract of, 217 



Stramonium, fluid extract of, 217 

ointment of, 217 

tincture of, 217 
Strontium bromid, 77 

iodid, 139 

salicylate, 205 
Strophanthin, 217, 218 
Strophanthus, 217 

tincture of, 218 
Strychnin, 174 

sulphate, 176 
Stypticin, 218 
Styptics, 32 
Sugar, 218 

cane, 218 

fruit, 218 

grape, 218 

of milk, 218 
Sulphate of copper, 106 
Sulphonal, 218 
Sulphur, 219 

fumigation with, 220 

ointment of, 221 

precipitated, 221 

sublimed, 221 

washed, 221 
Sulphuric acid, 50 
Sulphurous acid, 51 
Sumac, 221 
Sumbul, 222 

extract of, 222 

tincture of, 222 
Suppositories, glycerin, 129 

iodoform, 141 
Suprarenal gland, 222 
Syrup, almond, 57 

calcium lactophosphate, 82 

compound, of squill, 63 

eriodictyon, aromatic, 1 16 

garlic, 126 

ginger, 128 

hypophosphites, 82 

ipecac, 142 

iron, quinin, and strychnin phc 
phates, 147 

krameria, 150 

lactucarium, 151 

orange, 181 

rhubarb, 201 

sarsaparilla, compound, 207 

senega, 209 



INDEX. 



299 



Syrup, senna, 209 
squill, 63, 216 
tar, 223 
tolu, 71 
wild cherry, 233 

Talc, 222 
Tamarind, 222 
Tannalbin, 51 
Tannic acid, 51 

glycerite of, 51 
ointment of, 51 
troches of, 5 1 
Tannigen, 52 
Tannin, 51 
Tannoform, 52 
Tanret's pelletierin, 193 
Tansy, 222 
Tar, action and uses, 223 

oil of, 223 

ointment, 223 

syrup of, 223 

water, 223 

wine of, 223 
Taraxacum, 223 
Tartar emetic, 63 

whey, cream of, 194 
Tartaric acid, 52 

poisoning and treatment, 52 
Terebene, 224 
Terpin hydrate, 224 
Terpinol, 224 
Tetronal, 224 
Theobromin, 224 
Thiocol, 132 
Thiosinamin, 225 
Thymol, 225 
Thyroid extract, 225 
Tincture, aconite, 54 

aloes, 58 

aloes and myrrh, 58 

arnica flowers, 69 

arnica root, 69 

asafetida, 70 

belladonna, 73 

benzoin, 74 

bryonia, 79 

cactus, 79 

calumba, 84 

cannabis indica, 85 

cantharides, 85 



Tincture, capsicum, 87 

cardamon, 87 

cascarilla, 88 

catechu, compound, 89 

chiretta, 91 

cimicifuga, 97 

cinchona, 99 

cinnamon, 99 

colchicum seed, 103 

cubeb, no 

digitalis, 1 12 

ergot, 116 

gelsemium, 126 

gentian, compound, 1 27 

ginger, 128 

guaiac, 131 

hops, 134 

hydrastis, 135 

hyoscyamus, 137 

iodin, 140 

ipecac, 142 

and opium, 179 

kino, 149 

krameria, 150 

lactucarium, 151 

lavender, compound, 152 

lobelia, 158 

matico, 162 

musk, 169 

myrrh, 17 1 
and aloes, 58 

nutgall, 174 

nux vomica, 176 

orange, 181 

physostigma, 188 

pyrethrum, 199 

quassia, 200 

rhubarb, 202 

sanguinaria, 206 

senecio, 209 

serpentaria, 210 

squill, 216 

stramonium, 217 

strophanthus, 218 

sumbul, 222 

tolu, 71 

valerian, 229 

veratrum viride, 23 1 

Warburg's, 231 
Tolu, balsam of, 71 

syrup of, 71 



300 



INDEX. 



Tolu, tincture of, 71 
Tonics, stomachic or gastric, 34 
Tragacanth, 225 
Tricresol, 226 
Trional, 226 
Triticum, 226 
Tropacocain, 226 
Tuberculin, 226 
Tully's powder, 198 
Turlington's balsam (Friar's), 74 
Turpentine, external and internal 
use of, 227 

oil of, 227 

poisoning and treatment, 228 

resin, 228 

Urethane, 228 
Urotropin, 228 
Uterine depressants, 35 
Uva ursi, 228 

extract of, 229 

fluid extract of, 229 

Valerian, 229 

ammoniated tincture of, 229 
fluid extract of, 229 
tincture of, 229 
Veratrin, 229 
ointment of, 230 
oleate of, 230 
Veratrum viride, 230 
fluid extract of, 230 
Norwood's tincture of, 231 
poisoning and treatment, 230 
tincture of, 231 
Vesical sedatives, 35 
Vesicants, 28 

Viburnum prunifolium, 231 
Vinegar, 231 

Warburg's tincture, 231 



Water, external and internal use of, 

232 
Waters, mineral, 243-245 
Weights and measures, 245 
White oak, 232 
Wild cherry, 233 

fluid extract of, 233 
infusion of, 233 
syrup of, 233 
Wine, aloes, 58 

antimony, 64 

colchicum root, I03 

colchicum seed, 103 

ergot, 115 

ipecac, 143 

iron citrate, 147 

opium, 179 

tar, 223 
Wintergreen, 126 

oil of, 126 
Witch-hazel, 132 
Wormseed, American, 91 

Xeroform, 233 

Yellow-wash, 166 
Yerba santa, 1 16 
Yolk of egg, 114 

Zea, 107 
Zinc, 233 

acetate, 233 

carbonate, precipitated, 233 

chlorid, 234 

solution of, 234 

ointment, 234 

oxid, 234 

phosphid, 187, 234 

sulphate, 234 

sulphocarbolate, 234 

valerianate, 229, 234 
Zingiber, 128 



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" Since the reviewer has had the work lying on his table waiting for review 
he has had frequent occasion to consult it, and he has not been disappointed in it. 
. . . We heartily commend the work." — The Practitioner, London. 

2 



Obstetric and Gynecologic Nursing. 

By Edward P. Davis, A.M., M.D., Professor of Obstetrics in 
the Jefferson Medical College and the Philadelphia Polyclinic ; 
Obstetrician and Gynecologist to the Philadelphia Hospital. 
i2mo volume of 402 pages, fully illustrated. Buckram, $1.75 net. 



This volume is designed to furnish instruction as to the various 
duties of the obstetric nurse. Obstetric nursing demands some 
knowledge of natural pregnancy and of the signs of accidents 
and diseases which may occur during pregnancy. It also requires 
knowledge and experience in the care of the patient during the 
labor and her complete recovery, with the needs of her child. 
Gynecologic nursing is really a branch of surgical nursing, and as 
such requires special instruction and training, thorough knowledge 
and drill in asepsis and antisepsis being absolutely indispensable. 

"This is one of the most practical and useful books ever presented to the 
nursing profession." — Trained Nurse and Hospital Review. 

" Not only nurses, but even newly qualified medical men, would learn a great 
deal by a perusal of this book. . . . A work we can recommend." — The Lancet, 
London. 

Bacteriology and Surgical 
Technic for Nurses. 

By Emily A. M. Stoney, Superintendent of the Training- 
School for Nurses in the Carney Hospital, South Boston, Mass. 
1 2 mo volume, fully illustrated. Price, Cloth, $1.25 net. 

The work is intended as a modern text-book on Surgical Nurs- 
ing in both hospital and private practice. The first part of the 
book is devoted to Bacteriology and Antiseptics ; the second part 
to Surgical Technic, Signs of Death, and Autopsies. The matter 
in the book is presented in a practical form, and will prove of 
value to all nurses who are called upon to attend surgical cases. 

" Nurses will find this book of the greatest value both during their hospital 
course and in private practice." — Trained Nurse and Hospital Review. 

" This is an admirable little book. It is exceedingly practical." — New York 
Medical Journal. 

3 



A Handbook for Nurses. 

By J. K. Watson, M.D., Edin., Assistant House-Surgeon, 
Sheffield Royal Hospital. American Edition, under the super- 
vision of A. A. Stevens, A.M., M.D., Professor of Pathology, 
Woman's Medical College, Philadelphia. i2mo, 413 pages, 73 
illustrations. Cloth, $1.50 net. 

This work aims to supply in one volume that information which so many 
nurses at the present time are trying to extract from various medical works, and 
to present that information in a suitable form. The book represents an entirely 
new departure in nursing literature, insomuch as it contains useful information 
on medical and surgical matters hitherto only to be obtained from expensive 
works written expressly for medical men. 

Materia Medica for Nurses. 

By Emily A. M. Stoney, Superintendent of the Training- 
School for Nurses in the Carney Hospital, South Boston, Mass. 
Handsome octavo volume of 300 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.50 net. 

The present book differs from other similar works in several 
features, all of which are intended to render it more practical and 
generally useful. The consideration of the drugs includes their 
names, their sources and composition, their various preparations, 
physiologic actions, directions for handling and administering, 
and the symptoms and treatment of poisoning. The Appendix 
contains much practical matter, such as Poison-emergencies, 
Ready Dose-list, Weights and Measures, etc., as well as a Glossary, 
defining all the terms used in Materia Medica, and describing all 
the latest drugs and remedies, which have been generally ne- 
glected by other books of the kind. 

A Compendium of Insanity. 

By John B. Chapin, M.D., LL.D., Physician-in-Chief, Penn- 
sylvania Hospital for the Insane. i2mo, 234 pages, illustrated. 
Cloth, $1.25 net. 

The author has given, in a condensed and concise form, a 
compendium of Diseases of the Mind, for the convenient use and 
aid of physicians and students. It contains a clear, concise state- 
ment of the clinical aspects of the various abnormal mental con- 
ditions, with directions as to the most approved methods of man- 
aging and treating the insane. 

" The practical parts of Dr. Chapin's book are what constitute its distinctive 
merit. We desire especially, however, to call attention to the fact that in the 
subject of the therapeutics of insanity the work is exceedingly valuable. The 
author has made a distinct addition to the literature of his specialty." — Phila- 
delphia Medical Journal. 

4 



A Manual of Personal Hygiene. 

Proper Living upon a Physiologic Basis. By American Authors. 
Edited by Walter L. Pyle, A.M., M.D., Assistant Surgeon to 
Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia. Octavo, 350 pages. Pro- 
fusely illustrated. Cloth, $1.50 net. 

The object of this manual is to set forth plainly the best means of develop- 
ing and maintaining physical and mental vigor. It represents a thorough exposi- 
tion of living upon a physiologic basis. There are chapters upon the hygiene 
of the digestive apparatus, the skin and its appendages, the vocal and respiratory 
apparatus, eye, ear, brain, and nervous system, and a chapter upon exercise. 
The book is the conjoint work of several well-known American physicians and 
medical teachers, each writing upon a subject to which he has given special 
study. 

"The work has been excellently done : there is no undue repetition, and the 
writers have succeeded unusually well in presenting facts of practical significance 
based on sound knowledge." — Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 

"Good common-sense advice as to the matter of personal hygiene." — Bulle- 
■tin 0/ Johns Hopkins Hospital. 

The Care of the Baby. £SSEZ!E!£L. 

By J. P. Crozer Griffith, M.D., Clinical Professor of Dis- 
eases of Children, University of Pennsylvania ; Physician to the 
Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, etc. 436 pages, with 67 illus- 
trations in the text, and 5 plates, nmo. Price, $1.50 net. 

"The whole book is characterized by rare good sense, and is evidently 
written by a master hand. It can be read with benefit not only by mothers, but 
by medical students and by any practitioners who have not had large oppor- 
tunities for observing children." — American Journal oj Obstetrics. 

Infant's Weight Chart. 

Designed by J. P. Crozer Griffith, M.D., Clinical Professor 
of Diseases of Children in the University of Pennsylvania. 25 
charts in each pad. Price per pad, 50 cents net. 

A convenient blank for keeping a record of the child's weight 
during the first two years of life. Printed on each chart is a 
curve representing the average weight of a healthy infant, so that 
any deviation from the normal can readily be detected. 

Feeding in Early Infancy. 

By Arthur V. Meigs, M.D. Bound in limp cloth, flush 
edges. Price, 25 cents net. 

5 



Four Epochs of Woman's Life, 

Maidenhood, Marriage, Maternity, Menopause, 



Second Edition 
Just Issued. 



A Study in Hygiene. By Anna M. Galbraith, M. D., 
Author of " Hygiene and Physical Culture for Women ;" with an 
Introductory Note by John H. Musser, M.D., Professor of 
Clinical Medicine, University of Pennsylvania. i2mo, 247 
pages. Cloth, $1.50 net. 

In this instructive work are stated, in a modest, pleasing, and 
conclusive manner, those truths of which every woman should 
have a thorough knowledge. The subject is discussed in language 
readily grasped even by those unfamiliar with medical subjects. 

" The author has treated a difficult subject with tact, wisdom, and dignity." 
— American Medicine. 

A Text=Book of Mechanotherapy 

(Massage and Medical Gymnastics). 

By Axel V. Grafstrom, B. Sc, M.D., late Lieutenant in the 
Royal Swedish Army ; late House Physician, City Hospital, 
Blackwell's Island, New York. i2mo, 139 pages, illustrated. 
Cloth, $1.00 net. 

This book is intended as a practical manual of the methods of 
massage and Swedish movements, so rapidly becoming popular in 
this country. It describes clearly and shows by illustration the 
various movements of the system and their mode of application 
to all parts of the body, and indicates definitely the particular 
ones applicable to the various conditions of disease. 

Elementary Bandaging and 
Surgical Dressing. 

With Directions concerning the Immediate Treatment of Cases 
of Emergency. By Walter Pye, F.R.C.S., late Surgeon to St. 
Mary's Hospital, London. Small i2mo, with over 80 illustra- 
tions. Cloth, flexible covers, 75 cents net. 

This little book is chiefly a condensation of those portions of 
Pye's " Surgical Handicraft " which deal with bandaging, splint- 
ing, etc., and of those which treat of the management in the first 
instance of cases of emergency. The directions given are thor- 
oughly practical, and the book will prove extremely useful to 
students, surgical nurses, and dressers. 

" The author writes well, the diagrams are clear, and the book itself is small 
and portable, although the paper and type are good." — British Medical Journal. 





A Manual of Practice of Medicine. 

Sixth Edition, Revised and Enlarged— Just Issued. 

By A. A. Stevens, A.M., M.D., Lecturer in Physical Diag- 
nosis in the University of Pennsylvania, and Professor of Pathol- 
ogy in the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania. Post 8vo, 
556 pages. Numerous illustrations and selected formulae. Price, 
bound in flexible leather, $2.25 net. 

It is well-nigh impossible for the student, with the limited 
time at his disposal, to master elaborate treatises or to cull from 
them that knowledge which is absolutely essential. From an ex- 
tended experience in teaching, the author has been enabled, by 
classification, to group allied symptoms, and to bring within a 
comparatively small compass a complete outline of the practice 
of medicine. 

A Text=Book of Modern Therapeutics. 



Third Edition, Revised and Greatly Enlarged— Just Issued. 

By A. A. Stevens, A. M., M.D., Lecturer on Physical Diag- 
nosis, University of Pennsylvania. Handsome octavo volume of 
663 pages. Cloth, $3.50 net. 

This new volume, including all the latest advances in Materia 
Medica, comprehends the following sections : Physiological Ac- 
tion of Drugs ; Drugs ; Remedial Measures other than Drugs ; 
Applied Therapeutics ; Incompatibility in Prescriptions ; Table 
of Doses ; Index of Drugs ; and Index of Diseases, the treat- 
ment being elucidated by more than two hundred formulae. 

" The author has faithfully presented modern therapeutics in a comprehensive 
work, . . . and it will be found a reliable guide and sufficiently comprehensive." 
— University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin. 

Essentials of Materia Medica, Thera= Fifth 

~— — ^— — _^ ^^_. Edition, 

peutics, and Prescription=Writing. Revised. 

By Henry Morris, M.D., late Demonstrator of Therapeutics, 
Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia ; Fellow of the College 
of Physicians, Philadelphia, etc. Crown octavo, 288 pages. 
Cloth, $1.00; net; interleaved for notes, $1.25 net. 

" Has more value than some of the numerous manuals which, though more 
pretentious, are neither fuller nor more accurate." — Bulletin of Johns Hopkins 
Hospital. 

7 



Essentials of Anatomy, 

Sixth 
Including the Anatomy of the Viscera. Edition. 

By Charles B. Nancrede, M.D., Professor of Surgery and 
of Clinical Surgery in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 
Crown octavo, 3 88 pages; 180 illustrations. With an Appendix 
containing over 60 illustrations of the osteology of the human 
body. Based upon Graf s Anatomy. Cloth, $1.00 net; inter- 
leaved for notes, $1.25 net. 

"A useful little book which has been approved by long service in medical 
schools and training-schools for nurses. It is concise without the sacrifice of 
clearness, and the excellent illustrations assist the text."— Bulletin of Johns 
Hopkins Hospital. 

Essentials of Minor Surgery, Bandaging, 

and Venereal Diseases, second Edition, Revised. 

By Edward Martin, A. M., M. D., Professor of Clinical Sur- 
gery, University of Pennsylvania. Crown octavo, 166 pages, with 
78 illustrations. Cloth, $1.00 net ; interleaved for notes, $1.25 net. 

" The best condensation of the subjects of which it treats yet placed before 
the profession." — The Medical News, Philadelphia. 

Bergey's Principles of Hygiene, 

The Principles of Hygiene : A Practical Manual for Students, 
Physicians, and Health Officers. By D. H. Bergey, A. M., 
M. D., First Assistant, Laboratory of Hygiene, University of 
Pennsylvania. Handsome octavo volume of 495 pages, illus- 
trated. Cloth, $3.00 net. 

" Many practical suggestions that cannot fail to be of much value in their 
respective departments. Sound and practical is the verdict on the book." — 
Birmingham Medical Review, England. 

Temperature Chart, 

Prepared by D. T. Laine, M. D. Size, 8x 13^ inches. Price, 
per pad of 25 charts, 50 cents net. 

A conveniently arranged chart for recording Temperature, with 
columns for daily amounts of Urinary and Fecal Excretions, Food, 
Remarks, etc. On the back of each chart is given in full the 
method of Brand in the treatment of Typhoid Fever. 

8 



JUST ISSUED— THIRD EDITION 

The American Illustrated Qet the Best 

Medical Dictionary. The New standard 

THIRD EDITION IN THREE YEARS— WITH 1500 NEW TERMS. 

A New and Complete Dictionary of the terms used in Medi- 
cine, Surgery, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Chemistry, and kindred 
branches ; together with new and elaborate Tables of Arteries, 
Muscles, Nerves, Veins, etc. ; of Bacilli, Bacteria, Micrococci, 
etc. ; Eponymic Tables of Diseases, Operations, Signs and Symp- 
toms, Stains, Tests, Methods of Treatment, etc. By W. A. N. 
Dorlaxd, M. D. Large octavo, nearly 800 pages, bound in full 
flexible leather. Price, $4.50 net; with thumb index, $5.00 net. 

THIRD EDITION, REVISED, WITH ALL THE NEWEST 
TERMS, 

It furnishes a maximum amount of matter in a minimum 
space, and at the lowest possible cost. 

This is an entirely new and unique work for students and practi- 
tioners. It contains more than twice the matter in the ordinary 
students' dictionary, and yet, by the use of clear, condensed type 
and thin paper of the finest quality, it forms an extremely handy 
volume only one and five-eighth inches thick. It is bound in 
flexible leather, and is just the kind of a book that one will want to 
keep on his desk for constant reference. It is absolutely up-to-date, 
containing hundreds of important new terms not to be found in any 
other dictionary. It is also extremely rich in the matter of tables, 
containing over one hundred original ones, including new tables 
of Stains and Staining Methods, Tests, etc. An important feature 
of the book is its handsome illustrations, many in colors, drawn 
especially for the work, including colored illustrations of Arteries, 
Nerves, Veins, Bacteria, Blood, Karyokinesis, etc. 

" Dr. Dorland's dictionary is admirable. It is so well gotten up and of such 
convenient size. No errors have been found in my use of it." — Howard A. 
KELLY, M.D., Professor of Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 

" I must acknowledge my astonishment at seeing how much he has condensed 
within relatively small space. I find nothing to criticise, very much to commend, 
and was interested in finding some of the new words which are not in other 
dictionaries."— ROS WELL Park, Professor of Principles and Practice of Surgery 
and Clinical Surgery, University of Buffalo. 

9 



The Hygiene of Transmissible Diseases. 

Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged. 

The Hygiene of Transmissible Diseases : their Causation, 
Modes of Dissemination, and Methods of Prevention. By A. 
C. Abbott, M.D., Professor of Hygiene and Bacteriology, Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. Octavo, 31 t pages, with numerous 
illustrations. Cloth, $2.50 net. 

This book is devoted to that most important branch of the 
science of hygiene, namely, the prevention of contagious disease. 
It deals most fully with sanitary laws, especially those concerning 
' the causation and spread of disease and the means of prevention. 
It treats of modes of infection, methods of disinfection, the 
means for the isolation of the sick, and the general rules for the 
management of contagious diseases. It is a book of the very 
greatest value to the nurse. 

"The book is well calculated to meet a want which has been long felt by 
physicians and nurses." — Bulletin of Johns Hopkins Hospital. 

" The medical student or practitioner wishing to obtain a clearly written and 
accurate conspectus of the subjects enumerated above will find this volume very 
useful . ' ' — British Medical Journal. 

"It is scientific, but not too technical; it is as complete as our present-day 
knowledge of hygiene and sanitation allows, and it is in harmony with the efforts 
of the profession, which are tending more and more to methods of prophylaxis." 

— The Medical News. 

First Aid to the Injured and Sick. 

First Aid to the Injured and Sick. By F. J. Warwick, B. A., 
M.B. Cantab., of London, and A. C. Tunstall, M. D., F. R. C. S. 
Ed., of London. i6mo volume of 232 pages and over 200 illus- 
trations. Cloth, $ 1. 00 net. 

This volume of practical information is intended as an aid in rendering im- 
mediate temporary assistance to a person suffering from an accident or sudden 
illness until the arrival of a physician. The importance of first aid is indisput- 
able as a life-saving expedient, for upon the promptness and efficiency of the aid 
first rendered the patient depends, in a great measure, the termination of the 
case. This volume will be found a most useful book of ready aid, and of invalu- 
able service, not only to nurses, railway employees, etc., but also to the laity 
in general, as a book of indispensable first aids. 

" It is a book well adapted for the instruction of nurses and hospital corps 
orderlies ... It well fills the purpose for which it was written." — Philadelphia. 
Medical Journal. 

IO 



Obstetrics for Nurses. just ready 

Obstetrics for Nurses. By Joseph B. DeLee, M.D., Professor 
of Obstetrics in the Northwestern University Medical School, 
Chicago. i2mo of 460 pages, fully illustrated. Cloth, $2.50 net. 

INCLUDING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 

While this work was written particularly for nurses, yet the 
student of obstetrics will find in it much that is useful and in- 
structive, since the duties of a nurse often devolve upon the 
practitioner in the early years of his practice. The illustrations 
are nearly all original, having been made specially for this work. 
The photographs were taken from actual scenes, and the text is the 
result of the author's eight years' experience in lecturing to nurses. 

" Its contents are very practical and in accord with the present stand of sci- 
entific obstetrics. I shall recommend it to the nurses of the hospital training 
schools with which I am connected." — C. S. BACON, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics 
iu the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago. 

A Thesaurus of Medical 

— — — ^— — — — j UST IS SUED 

Words and Phrases. 

A Thesaurus of Medical Words and Phrases. By Wilfred 
M. Barton, M.D., Assistant to Professor of Materia Medica and 
Therapeutics, Georgetown University, Washington, D. C. ; and 
Walter A.Wells, M.D., Demonstrator of Laryngology, George- 
town University, Washington, D. C. Handsome i2mo of 534 
pages. Flexible leather, $2.50 net; with thumb index, $3.00 net. 

THE ONLY MEDICAL THESAURUS EVER PUBLISHED. 

Nurses who are requested to write up case histories, render 
accounts in the hospital, or state or explain any subject in the 
technical language of medicine, will find the work unusually 
helpful. 

"We believe no review can do the work justice. ... It can confidently be 
accepted that few will be disappointed." — Trained Nurse, New York. 

II 



